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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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organs that appear only on one side of the body
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unilaterally or even when referring to pain, unilateral pain
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How many bones in the skeleton?
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206
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what does the skeleton do?
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protects vital internal organs
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major bones of the face
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six bones - nasal, two maxillae, two zygomas,and the mandible
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how many vertebra are there in the spine?
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33
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how many sections are in the spinal column?
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5
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most prominent and easily palpable spinous process
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the seventh cervical vertebra
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Anatomy
–The study of the structure or form of living things Physiology –The study of function (activities and processes) |
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Introduction
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• A working knowledge of anatomy is important.
• Knowledge of anatomy helps to communicate correct information: – To professionals, who know medical terms – To others, who may not understand medical terms |
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Topographic Anatomy
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• Superficial landmarks – Serve as guides to structures that lie beneath
them • Topographic anatomy applies to a body in the anatomic position. – Patient stands facing you, arms at side, palms forward. |
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Planes of the Body
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• Imaginary straight lines that divide the body
• Three main areas – Coronal plane: front/back – Transverse (axial) plane: top/bottom – Sagittal (lateral) plane: left/right |
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Anatomic Planes
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Medial
– Refers to a position closer to the midline Lateral – Refers to a position farther away from the midline |
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Directional Terms
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– Anterior (ventral)
– Posterior (dorsal) – Right, left (patient’s right or left) – Superior (closest to head) – Inferior (closest to feet) |
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Right Upper Quadrant organs
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liver, right kidney, gallbladder, colon, pancreas
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Left upper quadrant organs
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liver, spleen, left kidney, stomach, colon, pancreas
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right lower quadrant organs
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right kidney, colon, small intestines, major artery and vein to the right leg, ureter, appendix
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left lower quadrant organs
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left kidney, colon, small intestines, major artery and vein to the left leg, ureter
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The Skeletal System: Anatomy
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• Skeleton gives us our recognizable human form.
• Protects vital internal organs • Contains – Bones – Ligaments – Tendons – Cartilage |
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Four types of bones
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long bone, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
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The Axial Skeleton
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• Foundation on which the arms and legs are hung. Includes:
– Skull – Spinal column – Thorax |
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Skull
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– Cranium—made up of 4 bones
– Face—made up of 14 bones – Foramen magnum is the opening at base of skull to allow brain to connect to spinal cord. |
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Spinal column
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– Composed of 33 bones (vertebrae)
– Spine divided into 5 sections: • *Cervical (7) • Thoracic (12) • *Lumbar (5) • Sacrum (5) • Coccyx (4) |
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Thorax
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– Formed by of 12 thoracic vertebrae and 12 pairs of ribs
– Thoracic cavity contains • Heart • Lungs • Esophagus • Great vessels |
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The Appendicular Skeleton
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• Arms, legs, their connection points, and pelvis
• Includes: – Upper extremity – Pelvis – Lower extremity |
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The Upper Extremity
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Upper extremity extends from shoulder girdle to fingertips
– Composed of arms, forearms, hands, fingers |
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Shoulder girdle
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• Three bones come
together, allowing arm to be moved: – Clavicle, scapula, humerus |
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Arm
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• The humerus is the supporting bone of the arm.
• The forearm consists of the radius and ulna. – Radius on lateral side of forearm – Ulna on medial side of forearm |
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Wrist and Hand
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• Ball-and-socket
joint • Principal bones – Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges |
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The Pelvis
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• Closed bony ring consisting of three bones – Sacrum
– Two pelvic bones • Each pelvic bone is formed by fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis. • Posteriorly, the ilium, ischium, and pubis bones are joined by the sacrum • Anteriorly, the pubic symphysis is where the right and left pubis are joined |
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The Lower Extremity
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• Main parts are thigh, leg(knee, lower leg, fibula, ankle), foot.
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• Upper leg: femur (thigh bone)
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– Longest bone in body, femur connects into acetabulum (pelvic girdle) by ball-and-socket joint.
– Greater and lesser trochanter are where major muscles of thigh connect to femur. |
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Knee connects upper leg to lower leg
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– Kneecap (patella)
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Lower Leg
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– Tibia (shin bone)
• Anterior of leg |
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Fibula
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• Lateral side of leg
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Ankle
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– A hinge joint
– Allows flexion/extension of foot |
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Foot
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– Contains7 tarsal bones
– 5 metatarsal bones form substance of foot – Toes are formed by phalanges |
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Joints
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• Occur wherever two long bones come in contact
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• Two types of joints
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– Hinge joint • Motion restricted to one plane (like knee)
– Ball-and-socket joint • Allows rotation and bending (like shoulder) |
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The Skeletal system
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– Gives body shape
– Provides protection of fragile organs – Allows for movement – Stores calcium – Helps create blood cells |
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The Musculoskeletal System: Anatomy
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provides:
– Form – Upright posture – Movement |
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muscles that attach to bone
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• More than 600 muscles attach to bone. – Called skeletal (or voluntary) muscles
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Other types of muscle outside the musculoskeletal system
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– Smooth muscle
– Cardiac muscle |
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The Musculoskeletal System: Physiology
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Contraction and relaxation of system make it possible to move and manipulate environment.
• A byproduct of this movement is heat. – When you get cold, you shiver (shake muscles) to produce heat. |
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The Respiratory System: Anatomy
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Structures of the body that contribute to respiration (the process of breathing)
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Upper Airway
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• Includes:
– Nose – Mouth – Tongue – Jaw – Oral cavity – Pharynx • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx – Larynx is anterior – Esophagus is posterior – Epiglottis • Prevents food and liquid from entering trachea |
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Lower Airway
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• Larynx is the dividing line between upper and lower airway.
– Adam’s apple/thyroid cartilage is anterior. – Cricoid cartilage/cricoid ring forms lowest portion of larynx. • Trachea (windpipe) – Ends at carina, dividing into right and left bronchi leading to bronchioles |
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Lungs held in place by
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– Trachea
– Arteries and veins – Pulmonary ligaments |
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The lungs are divided into two lobes
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– Bronchi and bronchioles end with alveoli. • Alveoli allow for gas exchange.
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Lungs are covered by
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smooth, glistening tissue called pleura
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Muscles of Breathing
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• Diaphragm is primary muscle.
• Also involved are: – Intercostal muscles – Abdominal muscles – Pectoral muscles |
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The Respiratory System: Physiology
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• Function is to provide body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide.
• Ventilation and respiration are two separate, interdependent functions of the respiratory system. |
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Respiration
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is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli and tissue.
– Brain stem controls breathing. – Hypoxic drive is backup system. – Medulla initiates ventilation cycles. • Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) – Initiates inspiration • Ventral respiratory group (VRG) – Provides forced inspiration or expiration when needed |
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Ventilation
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is simple air movement into and out of the lungs.
• You provide ventilation when you administer oxygen. breath. |
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Tidal volume
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amount of air moved in to or out of lungs in a single breath.
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Characteristics of Normal Breathing
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• Normal rate and depth (tidal volume) • Regular rhythm or pattern of inhalation and
exhalation • Good audible breath sounds on both sides of chest • Regular rise and fall movement on both sides of the chest • Movement of the abdomen |
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Inadequate Breathing Patterns in Adults
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• Labored breathing
• Muscle retractions • Pale, cyanotic, cool, damp skin • Tripod position • Agonal respirations (gasping breaths) |
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Signs of Inadequate Breathing
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Nasal flaring Cyanosis
Chest tightness Excessive use of accessory muscles Numbness, tingling in hands & feet Pursed lips on exhalation Coughing, crowing, high-pitched bark Respiratory noise wheezing rattling Impaired mentation Unconsciousness dizziness restlessness anxiety confusion combativeness |
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Pediatric Airway Anatomy
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Trachea narrower (more easily obstructed)
Trachea softer, more flexible than an adult’s Airway structures smaller (more easily obstructed) Pediatric Airway Anatomy Cricoid not well developed (less rigid) Chest wall softer (infants are abdominal breathers) Tongue proportionally larger than an adult’s |
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Inadequate Breathing: Infants and Children
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Nasal Flaring
Retractions Seesaw breathing Diaphragmatic Breathing |
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The Circulatory System: Anatomy
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• Complex arrangement of connected tubes – Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
• Two circuits – Systemic circulation—body – Pulmonary circulation—lungs |
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Heart
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Hollow muscular organ the size of an adult’s
clenched fist • Made of specialized cardiac muscle (myocardium) • Works as two paired pumps – Septum divides right and left sides. - Valves between chambers prevent the backflow of blood. - Contains specialized contractile and conductive tissue |
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each side of heart divided into
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– Atrium (upper chamber) – Ventricle (lower chamber)
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heart circulation
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– Heart receives its blood from aorta.
– Right side receives blood from veins. – Left side receives blood from lungs. |
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• Stroke volume (SV)
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– Amount of blood moved by one beat
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• Cardiac output (CO)
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– Amount of blood moved in 1 minute
– HR×SV=CO |
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what happens to blood in one minute
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body’s entire blood volume (5 to 6 L) is circulated through all the vessels.
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heart • Electrical conduction network
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– Causes smooth, coordinated contractions
– Contractions produce pumping action |
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Right Atrium
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Receives blood from veins; pumps to right ventricle
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Left Atrium
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Receives blood from lungs; pumps to left ventricle
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Right Ventricle
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Pumps blood to the lungs
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Left Ventricle
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Pumps blood through the aorta to the body
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Arteries
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• Arteries carry blood from heart to all body tissues.
– Branch into arterioles – Arterioles branch into capillaries |
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Pulse is created by
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blood pumping out of left ventricle into major arteries.
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Major Arteries
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– Aorta (heart)
– Pulmonary (right ventricle) – Carotid (neck) – Femoral (thigh) – Posterior tibial (lower leg) – Dorsalis pedis (foot) – Brachial (upper arm) – Radial (lower arm) |
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Capillaries
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• Connect arterioles to venules
• Fine end divisions of arterial system • Allow contact between blood and cells • Billions of capillaries in body |
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Veins
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• Return oxygen-depleted blood to the heart
• Superior vena cava carries blood returning from head, neck, shoulders, upper extremities. • Inferior vena cava carries blood from abdomen, pelvis, lower extremities. • Join at right atrium |
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Spleen
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• Solid organ located under rib cage
• Filtersblood • Is particularly susceptible to injury from blunt trauma – Can lead to severe internal bleeding |
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Blood Composition
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• Plasma
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes) • White blood cells (leukocytes) • Platelets |
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Red Blood Cells
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– Give blood its color
– Carry oxygen to organs – Carry carbon dioxide away from organs |
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White Blood Cells
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– Provide defense against infection
– Produce antibodies |
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Plasma
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Fluid that carries blood cells and nutrients
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Platelets
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– Essential for formation of clots
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blood pressure is
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pressure blood exerts against walls of arteries.
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systole
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when the left ventricle contracts it pumps blood from the ventricle into the aorta
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diastole
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when muscle of ventricle relaxes, ventricle fills with blood
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blood pressure readings
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– Systolic blood pressure (high point of wave)
– Diastolic blood pressure (low point of wave) |
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Normal Circulation in Adults
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• Automatically adjusted and controlled
• Perfusion is circulation of blood in organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the needs of cells. • Blood enters organs and tissues through arteries. • Blood leaves organs and tissues through veins. |
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Inadequate Circulation in Adults
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• The system can adjust to small blood loss. – Vessels constrict. – Heart pumps more rapidly.
• With a large loss, adjustment fails, and patient goes into shock. |
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Function of Blood
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• Fighting infection
• Transporting oxygen • Transporting carbon dioxide • Controlling pH • Transporting wastes and nutrients • Clotting (coagulation) |
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Nervous System Control of the Cardiovascular System
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• Sympathetic nervous system is responsible for fight-or-flight response.
– Sends commands to adrenal glands – Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted to stimulate heart and blood vessels. • Bloodvesselshavealpha-adrenergic receptors. • Heart and lungs have beta-adrenergic receptors. • Parasympathetic nervous system also has effects on cardiovascular system. – Addresses actions that do not require immediate response |
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The Nervous System: Anatomy and Physiology
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• The nervous system is perhaps the most complex organ in body
– Brain – Spinal cord • Divided into two main portions: – Central nervous system (CNS) – Peripheral nervous system |
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Central Nervous System
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• Brain
– Controlling organ of the body – Subdivisions • Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Brain stem • Spinal cord – Continuation of the brain – Transmits messages between brain and body |
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Divided into two main portions:
– Somatic nervous system – Autonomic nervous system |
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Somatic nervous system
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– Transmits signals from brain to voluntary muscles (allows for walking, talking)
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Autonomic nervous system
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– Involuntary actions (digestion, dilation) – Split into two areas
• Sympathetic nervous system (fight-or-flight) • Parasympathetic nervous system (slows body) |
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• Two types of nerves within peripheral nervous system
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– Sensory nerves carry information from body to CNS.
– Motor nerves carry information from CNS to muscles. |
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The Integumentary System (Skin): Anatomy
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• Two layers – Epidermis (superficial) – Dermis (deeper)
• Below the skin lies subcutaneous tissue. – Fat that insulates and serves as energy reservoir |
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The Digestive System: Anatomy
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• Function of system is digestion.
• Abdomen is second major body cavity. – Contains major organs of digestion and excretion – Quadrants are easiest way to identify areas • RUQ/LUQ • RLQ/LLQ • Mouth – Lips, cheeks, gums, teeth, tongue – Salivary glands • Oropharynx • Esophagus • Stomach • Pancreas • Liver • Small intestine • Large intestine • Appendix • Rectum |
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The Digestive System: Physiology
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• Enzymes are added to food.
– By salivary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine • Enzymes convert food into basic sugars, fatty acids, amino acids. – Further processed by liver – Circulated via blood throughout body |
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The Endocrine System: Anatomy and Physiology
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• Complex message and control system
• Integrates many body functions • Hormones are released directly into bloodstream. – Examples: epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin The endocrine system controls release of hormones in the body. |
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The Urinary System: Anatomy and Physiology
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• Controls fluid balance in the body
• Filters and eliminates wastes • Controls pH balance |
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The Genital System: Anatomy and Physiology
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• Controls reproductive processes
• Male system consists of – Testicles – Epididymis – Vasa Deferentia – Penis • Female system consists of – Ovaries – Fallopian tubes – Uterus – Cervix – Vagina |
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Life Support Chain
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• All cells in body require oxygen, nutrients,
and removal of waste. • Circulatory system is the carrier of these supplies and wastes. • If interference occurs, cells become damaged and die. |
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• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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– Involved in energy metabolism – Used to store energy
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• Aerobic metabolism
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uses oxygen.
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• Cells switch to anaerobic metabolism when
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oxygen is limited.
– Lactic acid is damaging waste product. |
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diffusion
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Movement of oxygen, waste, nutrients
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ph
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measure of acidity or alkalinity
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Pathophysiology
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The study of functional changes that occur when body reacts to disease
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• Respiratory compromise can lead to:
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– Shock
– Alteration of cellular metabolism |
