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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the size, shape, weight, and location of the heart?
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Size: fist size
Shape: cone-like Weight: 250-350 gm Location: mediastinum; from the 2nd rib to the 5th intercostal space |
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What are the coverings of the heart?
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Pericardium. Has 2 layers.
Fibrous Pericardium: outer Serous Pericardium: inner. Has two pericardial membranes |
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What are the two membranes of the Serous Pericardium?
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Pericardial membranes:
Outer Parietal Inner Visceral (the heart) Between the two membranes is the pericardial cavity |
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What are the three layers of the heart wall?
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Epicardium: outer (same as visceral pericardium membrane)
Myocardium: middle. cardiac muscle. Very thick Endocardium: Inner |
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What separates the two atria internally?
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Interatrial septum
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What separates the two ventricles internally?
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Anterior Interventricular septum and the Posterior Interventricular septum
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What groove is between the atria and ventricles?
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Atrioventricular sulcus aka the coronary sulcus
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What is the connective tissue membrane covering the foramen ovale?
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Fossa Ovalis
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What are two shunts that shift blood flow from the right side of the heart to the left side of the heart in the fetus?
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The foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus
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What connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta in the fetus?
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Ductus Arteriosus
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Which vessels deliver unoxygenated blood to the right atrium?
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Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus
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Where does oxygenated blood enter the heart from?
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Enters the left atrium from the (4) pulmonary veins
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What are columnae carneae?
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aka traculae carneae. They are ridges of muscle seen on the surface of the ventricles
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What are papillary muscles?
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Larger trabeculae carneae ridge muscles that have cords attached to them
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What are chordae tendineae?
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Cords or strands that connect papillary muscles to the valves between chambers. Located in ventricles
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What are the two circuits of blood flow in the body called?
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Pulmonary circuit and Systemic circuit
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What are the 4 heart valves?
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Tricuspid AV (atrioventricular)
Pulmonary semilunar Mitral AV (atrioventricular) Aortic semilunar |
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What can increase heart load making the heart weak?
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Incompetent valve and stenosis (stiff valve)
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Cardiac circulation
What vessels supply the heart muscle? |
Two coronary arteries (R) and (L)
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What two arteries does the right coronary artery branch into?
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Marginal artery and Posterior Interventricular Arteries
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What two arteries does the left coronary artery branch into?
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Circumflex artery and the Anterior Interventricular arteries
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What three veins drain the heart?
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From the anterior side: the Small Cardiac Vein and the Great Cardiac Vein. From the posterior side: the Middle Cardiac Vein
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Where do the three cardiac veins drain into?
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the Coronary Sinus, located on the posterior side of the heart
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What branch of the left coronary artery curves around the left side of the heart and lies in the coronary sulcus?
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Circumflex artery
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Which branch of the right coronary artery supplies the anterior right ventricle?
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Marginal artery
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Which branch of the left coronary artery supplies both ventricles?
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Anterior interventricular artery aka the left anterior descending artery (LAD)
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What is the shorter coronary artery that is hidden anteriorly by the pulmonary trunk?
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Ascending Aorta
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What is the vein that drains coronary circulation into the right atrium?
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Coronary Sinus
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What is the vein that drains most of the anterior ventricles?
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Great Cardiac Vein
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What is the vein that drains the posterior ventricles?
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Middle Cardiac Vein
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What is the vein that drains the right anterior side of the heart?
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Small Cardiac Vein
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What term is used to describe the myocardium behaving as a functional unit?
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Syncytium
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Define intercalated discs
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They connect adjacent cardiac muscle fibers. They contain desmosomes that hold cardiac fibers together and gap junctions
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Define function of gap junctions
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Enable action potentials to spread quickly from cell to cell, allowing cardiac muscle to contract as a unit
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Describe cardiac muscle in the myocardium
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Muscle fibers that are striated, branching cells with one or two nuclei
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What prevents tetany in cardiac muscle?
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Prolonged refractory period
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Define autorhythmicity
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Unlike skeletal muscles which are voluntary and require stimulation, come cardiac cells contract spontaneously and independent of nervous connections. Can generate their own action potential
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Which branch of the nervous system increases heart rate?
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Sympathetic NS
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Which branch of the nervous system decreases heart rate?
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Parasympathetic NS
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Name the parts of the Intrinsic Conduction System
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Also called the Nodal System. Sinoatrial node (SA Node)
Atrioventricular node (AV node) Bundles of His Bundle Branches Purkinje Fibers |
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What exerts Extrinsic Control of the heart?
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Nervous system - Autonomic nervous control (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
Hormones - Epi and NE |
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What are the three phases of one heart beat?
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1. Mid to late diastole: Ventricles are relaxed (and atria are in systole: contraction)
AV valves open, semilunar valves closed 2. Ventricular systole: Ventricles contract, and atria relax AV valves close, and semilunar valves open 3. Early diastole: Ventricles relax, and semilunar valves open |
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How do you calculate cardiac output (CO)?
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CO = HR x SV
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Define cardiac output
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The amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute
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Define angina pectoralis
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Heart chest pain due to blockage of coronary arteries
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Define myocardial infarction (MI)
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Heart attack. Complete blockage of O2/blood flow to cardiac muscle
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Define "Lub" heart sound
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First heart sound heard. Closing of AV valves.
Ventricular systole |
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Define "Dup" heart sound
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2nd heart sound heard.
Closing of semilunar valves. Early diastole |
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What are abnormal heart sounds called?
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Heart murmurs
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How is blood pressure measured?
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In mm of mercury
mm Hg |
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In the EKG, what covers the atrial relaxation wave?
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Ventricular contraction
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Define systole
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Contraction
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Define diastole
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Relaxation
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What is End Diastolic Volume (EDV)?
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The end of the 1st phase of the cardiac cycle, the mid to late diastole (aka atrial systole)
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What is End Systolic Volume (ESV)?
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The end of the 2nd phase of the heart beat (Ventricular Systole)
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Define stroke volume (SV)
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The amount of blood pushed out in one contraction of the heart
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