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246 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What major artery lies within the infratemporal fossa
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maxillary artery
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Which nerves lie within the infratemproral fossa
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chorda typani nerve: branch of the facial
branches of CN V3 : mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve |
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Which structure passes through the petrotympanic fissure
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chorda tympani
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Which structure passes though the stylomastoid foramen
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the facial nerve
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Which structure passes through the greater palantine foramen?
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the greater palantine nerve and vessels
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Which structure passes through the lesser palantine foramen
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the lesser palantine nerve and vessels
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What is the scalp
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the skin and fascia that covers the neurocranium
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What are the 5 layers of the scalp
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SCALP
skin connective tissue aponeurosis loose connective tissue pericranium |
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Which layer provides the scalp's strength
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the aponeruosis
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Which layer contains nerves and blood vessels
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the connective tissue layer
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Branches of which artery constitute the major blood supply of the scalp?
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external carotid artery
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Which branch of the external carotid artery supply the scalp
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superficial temporal
posterior auricular occipital arteries |
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Which branches of the internal carotid artery supply the scalp
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supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries
via the ophthalmic artery |
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What is unique about the veins of the scalp
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the have no valves
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What connects the veins of the scalp with the veins of the skull bones and the veins within the cranium
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Emissary veins
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What nerves provide sensory innervation to the scalp?
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CN VI: supraobrital and supratrochlear nerves
CN V2: zygomaticotemporal nerve CN V3:auriculotemporal nerve C2 spinal nerve: greater occipital nerve and spinal nerves C2 and C3 From C3 spinal nerves: 3rd occipital nerve |
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What is the medical term for the nostrils?
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nares
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What is the name of the cartilaginous part of the external nose that surrounds each naris
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The ala nasi
wing of the nose |
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What is the dilated part of the nostril called
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the vestibule
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What 3 effects does the nose have on inspired air
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warming, moistening, and filtering
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What is the source of the blood supply to the nose
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Internal carotid artery: anterior, posterior ethmoidal arteries via opthalmic artery
external carotid artery: superficial labial artery (facial artery) sphenopalantine artery ( internal maxillary artery) |
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Name the 3 bones that make up the posterior nasal septum
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ethmoid (perpendicular plate)
vomer palatine |
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Dysfunction of which muscle results in difficulty with blinking
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the orbicularis oculi
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for raising the eyebrows
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the frontalis muscle
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Which muscle elevates the corners of the mouth
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levator anguli oris
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Which muscles depresses the corners of the mouth
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depressor anguli oris
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What is the action of the buccinator muscle if pierced by what structure
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aids in chewing by pressing the cheeks against the molars
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The buccinator muscle is pierced by what structure
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the parotid duct in route to the oral cavity
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Which muscle elevates the upper lip
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levator labii superioris
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What is the action of the mentalis
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raises the chin of the skin and protrudes the lower lip
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Which muscle encircles the mouth
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Orbicularis oris
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What large flat fascial muscle extends into the neck
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platysma muscle
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Which nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression
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facial nerve
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What type of joint is the TMJ
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a synovial joint
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Which 2 types of movements are provides by the TMJ
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hinge movement
sliding movement |
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What are the articular surfaces of the TMJ
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articular tubercle
mandibular fossa of the temporal bone condyloid process of the mandible |
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Name the 3 ligaments of the TMJ
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lateral tempromandibular ligament
sphenomandibular ligament stylomanidbular ligament |
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Which ligament reinforces the TMJ by stretching from the tubercle on the zygoma to the neck of the mandible
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the lateral tempromanidular ligament
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Which ligament reinforces the TMJ by stretching from the spine of the sphenoid bone to the lingula of the mandible
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the sphenomandibular ligament
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Dislocation of the TMJ usually occurs in what direction
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anterior
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What is the TMJ syndrome
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Pain at the TMJ due to a variety of causees
treatment is usually conservative with heat packs,soft diet, and antiinflammatory medications |
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What are the 4 muscles of mastication
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masseter muscle
temporalis muscle medial pterygoid muscle lateral pterygoid muscle |
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Masseter Muscle
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origin
lower border and medial surface of the zygomatic arch insertion lateral surface of the coronoid process, ramus, angle of the mandible |
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Temporalis muscle
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origin
the floor of the temporal fossa insertion coronoid process and rambus of the mandible |
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Lateral pterygoid muscle
superior head |
origin
infratemporal surface of the sphenoid bone insertion articular disk and capsule of the TMJ |
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Lateral pterygoid muscle
inferior head |
origin
lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate insertion neck of the mandible |
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Medial Pterygoid muscle
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orgin
tuber of the maxilla, medial surface of the lateral ptyerygoid plate, pyramidal process of the palantine bone insertion medial surface of the angle and rambus of the mandible |
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Closing the jaw and protruding the mandible
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medial pterygoid muscle
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Opening the jaw protruding the mandible
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lateral pterygoid muscle
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Depressing the mandible at the TMJ
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The lateral pterygoid muscle
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Retracting the mandible
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the temporalis muscle
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Which 3 muscles act to elevate the mandible at the TMJ
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temporalis
masseter medial pterygoid muscle |
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Which 2 muscles act to close the jaw and retract the mandible
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masseter muscle
temporalis muscle |
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Which arteries supply the muscles of mastication
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small braches from the maxillary artery
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What is the name of the largest of the 3 sets of salivary glands
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the parotid gland
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What are the boundaries of the space containing the parotid gland
anterioly |
mandible and muscles of mastication
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Boundaries of the parotid gland
posteriorly |
external auditory meatus and mastoid process
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Boundaries of the parotid gland
medially |
styloid process
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Boundaries of the parotid gland
superiorly |
zygomatic arch
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Which structure divides the parotid gland into superifical and deep part
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facial nerve
landmark for the superificial parotidectomy |
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Which blood vessels are located at the upper pole of the partotid, anterior to the ear
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superificial temporal artery and vein
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The superificial temporal vessels are accompanied by what nerve
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auriculotemporal nerve
injury commonly occurs during parotid surgery may lead to cross-innervation with sympathetic fibers can lead to Frey's syndrome: where the sight/smell of food leads to flushing and perspiration |
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What is the name of the major duct of the parotid gland
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the parotid duct
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Where does the partoid duct begin
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at the anterior aspect of the parotid gland
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The parotid duct pierces which muscle on its course anteriorly
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the buccinator
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Where does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity
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opposite the second upper molar teeth
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What 3 major structures transverse the parotid gland
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facial nerve
retromandiblar nerve external carotid artery |
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From which ganglion do the parasympthatetic fibers that supply the partoid gland orginate
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the otic ganlion
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What is the source of parasympathetic fibers to otic ganlion
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originate in the inferior salivary nucleus of the CN 9
follow the typmanic branch then travel to otic ganlion via the lesser petrosal nerve |
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Which nerve transmits postganglionic parasympthatic fibers to parotid gland
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optic ganglion
transmitted to the parotid gland via the auriculotemporal nerve |
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Sympathetic innveration to the parotid gland follows
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external carotid artery
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Name the 2 sets of salivary glands that lie in the submandibular region
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submandibular gland
sublingual gland |
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Of the 3 sets of salivary glands, which is the smallest
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the sublingual glands
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Where do the ducts of the sublingual salivary glands open into the mouth
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mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth
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Which structure separates the parotid gland and the submandibular gland
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stylomandibular ligament
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Which duct drains the submandibular gland
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the submandibular duct
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The submandibular duct lies between which 2 structures
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sublingual glands
genioglossus muscle |
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Where does the submanidibular duct empty
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lateral to the frenulum of the tongue
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Which major blood vessels run in the submandibular region
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facial and lingual arteries
branches of the external carotid artery |
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What is the source of parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
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facial nerve via the chorda tympani and lingual nerves
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Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the face
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facial nerve
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How man terminal branches does CN 7 have
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5
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By what route does facial nerve exit the skull
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stylomastoid foramen
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WIthin which structure does the facial nerve divide its branches
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parotid gland
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What clinical syndrome is characterized by fascial nerve paralysis
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idiopathic dysfunction of the fascial nerve
Bell's palsy |
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What cranial nerve provides the sensory innervation to the face
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the trigeminal nerve
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What are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve
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opthalmic, maxilary, and mandibular
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What are the 2 branches of the cervical plexus innervate the skin behind the ear
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lesser occipital and great auricular
c2, c3 |
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The supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves are terminal branches of which nerve from the opthalamic division of the trigeminal nerve
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frontal nerve
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What areas are innervated by supraorbital and suprtrochlear nerves
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forehead
scalp the upper eyelid |
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Which nerve provides senseory innervation to the eye and the septum, lateral walls, tip of the nose
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nasociliary nerve
opthalamic division of the trigmenal nerve |
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Which branch of the nasociliary nerve provides sensory innervation to the septum, lateral walls, and tip of the nosie
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anterior ethmoidal nerve
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What are the 3 major cutcaneous branches of CN v3 ?
mandibular division |
auriculotemporal
buccal mental nerves |
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Which cranial nerve provides special sensory innervation to the nose
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CN 1 olfactory nerve
passes through the opening by the cribriform plate of the ethmoidal bone on the way to the olfactory bulbs |
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Sensory innervation of the roof of the mouth
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greater palantine
nasopalantine branches of of CN v2 the maxillary division of the trigmenal nerve |
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Sensory innervation of the floor of the mouth
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lingual nerve
a branch of CN v2 the mandibular division |
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Sensory innervation of the cheek
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the buccal nerve
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What is the source of the arterial blood to the face
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external carotid artery
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Name the 8 branches of the external carotid artery
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superior thyroid artery
ascending pharyngeal artery lingual artery facial artery occipital artery posteior auricular artery superifical temporal artery maxillary artery |
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Describe the course of the facial artery in the submandibular region
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the external carotid artery superior to the hyoid bone
ascends deep to the digastric and stylohyoid muscles and then deep the submandibular gland hooks around the inferior border of the mandibular body enters the anterior margin of the masseter muscle |
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What cranial nerve branch crosses over the facial artery at the lower border of the mandible
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to the mandibular branch of CN 7
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Where can the pulse of the facial artery be easily pulpated
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inferior to the mandible at the anterior border of the masseter muscle
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Name 3 branches of the fascial artery
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inferior labial artery
superior labial artery lateral nasal artery |
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The fascial artery terminates at what vessel
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angular artery
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Where does the maxillary artery branch from the external carotid artery
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posterior border of the ramus of the mandible
within the parotid gland |
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The maxillary artery is divided into 3 parts by which muscle
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lateral pterygoid muscle
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Where does the pterygopalantine part of the maxilary run in relation to the lateral ptyergoid muscle
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between 2 heads
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Name the 5 branches of the maxillary artery within the infratemporal fossa
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Deep auricular artery
anterior tympanic artery middle meningeal artery accessory meningeal artery inferior alveolar artery |
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external auditory meatus supplied by the
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deep auricular artery
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Tympanic membrane is supplied by the
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anterior tympanic artery
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Damage to which artery result in epidural hematoma
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middle meningeal artery
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How does the middle meningeal artery enter the skull
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foramen spinosum
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Which branch of the maxillary artery supplies the chin and lowe teeth
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inferior alveolar artery
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Within what region does the maxillary artery terminate
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pterygopalantine fossa
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Name the 6 major branches of the maxillary artery in the pterygopalantine fossa
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posterior superior alveoloar artery
infraorbital artery descending palantine artery artery to the petrygoid canal pharyngeal artery sphenopalantine artery |
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Describe the course of the sphenopalantine artery and structures it supplies
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leaves the pterygopalantine fossa
passes through the sphenopalantine foramen enters the nasal cavity supplies the conchae, meatus, nasal septum |
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Where can the superficial temporal arterial pulse be palpated?
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Just anterior to the auricle of the external ear
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Which nerve acompanies the superificial temporal artery
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the auricolotemporal nerve
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The superificial temporal artery gives rise to the transverse facial artery. Between which 2 structures does the transverse facial artery pass
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zygomatic arch superiorly
parotid duct inferiorly |
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Describe the 3 pathways for venous drainage in the face and scalp
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facial vein to the retromandibular vein to the external jugular vein
plexuses within the face to the external jugular vein Venous sinuses to the internal jugular vein |
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Describe the origin of the retromandiblular vein
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superificial temporal and maxillary veins unite
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Describe the origin of the facial vein
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surpaorbital and supratrochlear veins join to form the angular vein
which becomes the facial vein at the lower margin of the orbit |
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The facial vein joins with which structure to form the internal jugular vein
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retromandibular vein
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What forms the roof of the mouth
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The hard palate anterioly
the soft palate posteriorly |
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What is the name of the midline structure that hangs from the soft palate
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uvula
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Which bones comprise of the hard palate
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palatine processes of the maxilla
horizontal plates of the palatine bones |
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Abnormal development of the lip and palate
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clefts of the lip
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What is the incisive fossa located
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posterior to the central incisor teeth
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Which structures pass through the incisive forman
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greater palantine artery (branh of the sphenopalantine artery)
nasopalatine nerve |
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What is the normal number of adult teeth
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32
8 incisors, 4 canines , 8 premolars, and 12 molars |
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What is the normal number of deciduous teeth
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20
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Which nerves provide innervation of the maxillary teeth
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anterior, middle, and posterior alveolar branches of CN V2
(maxillary division of the tigeminal nerve |
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Which nerve innervates the mandibular teeth
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the inferior alveolar branch of CN v3
the mandibular nerve |
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What is the name of the mucous membrane fold on the midline undersurface of the tongue
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the frenulum
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What is ankyloglossia
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an abnormally short frenulum
can lead to speech impediment |
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What duct enters the mouth on either side of the frenulum, beneath the tongue
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the submandibular salivary duct
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Where does the parotid duct enter the mouth
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adjacent to the 2nd upper molar
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What nerve provides for taste sensations on the anterior 2/3ds of the tongue
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The chora typmani, a branch of the facial nerve
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What other structures are innervated by the chorda typmani
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parasympthatetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
lacrimal glands |
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What nerve provides for taste sensation on the posterior third of the tongue
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The glossopharyngeal nerve
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Which nerve provides tactile sensory innervation of the tongue
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Anterior 2/3s - CN v3
the mandibular division of the trigmenal nerve Posterior 1/3 - CN IX |
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What is the function of intrinsic muscles
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to help maintain the shape of the tongue
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Which 4 muscles comprise of the extrinsic musculature of the tongue
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Genioglossus
Hyoglossus Styloglossus Palatoglossus |
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Genioglossus
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origin: genial tubercle of the mandible
insertion: inferior aspect of the tongue and the body of the hyoid bone Action: protrudes and depresses the tongue |
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Hyoglossues
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origin: the greater and lesser horns of the hyoid bone
insertion: side and inferior aspect of the tongue action: depresses and retracts the tongue |
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Styloglossus
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Origin: the styloid process
insertion: side and inferior aspect of the tongue Action: retracts and elevates the tongue |
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Palatoglossus
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Origin: aponeruoses of the soft palate
Insertion: dorsolateral side of the tongue action: elevates the tongue |
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Which one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue is not innvervated by the CN X11
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palatoglossus
innervated by the vagus nerve via the pharyngeal plexus |
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Lesion of the CN XII cause the tongue to deviate toward which side
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toward the side of the lesion
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Retracts the tongue
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Hyoglossus and styloglossus
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Elevate the tongue
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styloglossus and palatoglussus
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Protrude the tongue
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Genioglossus
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Depresses the tongue
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Genioglossus and hyoglossus
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What is the arterial supply to the tongue
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The lingual branch of the external carotid artery
The ascending pharyngeal artery branches of the facial artery |
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What is the lymphatic drainage from the
Anterior third of the tongue Posterior 2/3ds of the tongue |
The submental nodes
Submental nodes and the submandibular nodes |
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What are the lymph nodules located under the posterior tongue called
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the lingual tonsils
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What is the pharynx
|
a muscular tube through which food and water passes to the esophagus and air passes to the larynx, trachea and lungs
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What 2 groups of muscles comprise the pharynx
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external circular layer
internal longitudinal layer |
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Name the 3 constrictor muscles from interior to exterior
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Superior middle and inferior constrictor
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What is the action of the constricotrs
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push food into the esphogus
it is under involuntary control |
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What is the orgin of the superior contstrictor
|
petrygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, and posterior mylohyoid line of the mandible
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Middle constictor
|
the stylohyoid ligament and hyoid bone
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Inferior constrictor
|
Thryoid and cricoid cartilage of the larynx
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What is the common insertion for the 3 constrictor muscles
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median raphe of the pharynx
midline in the posterior of the pharnyx |
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What nerve innervates all of the constrictor muscles
|
pharyngeal and superior laryngeal branches of CN 10 via the pharyngeal plexus
Difficulty swallowing is a classic symptom of a sugical injury to the vagus in the neck |
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Name the 3 longitudinal internal muscles of the pharnx
|
Palatopharyngeus muscle
Salpingopharygngeous Muscle Stylopharngeus Muscle |
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What is the action of the longitudinal muscles
|
raise the pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking
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What is the origin of the palatopharyngues muscle
|
The hard palate
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What is the origin of the salpingopharyngeus muscle
|
The cartilginous auditory tube
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What is the origin of the Stylopharyngeus muscle
|
The styloid process
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What is the common insertion of the longitudinal muscles
|
The posterior and superior border of the thyroid cartilage
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What is the inervation of the longitudinal muslces
|
The palatopharngeus muscle and the salpingopharngeus muscle: CN X the vagus nerve
The stylopharngeuous muscle is innervated by the Glosopharyngeal nerve |
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What are the 3 subdivisions of the pharynx
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the nasopharnx, oropharyx, and the laryngoparnx
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What structures forms the boundary between the nasal cavity and the nasopharnx
|
choanae
large opening posterior extend to the nasal cavity |
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What is the Waldyeyer's ring
|
A ring of lymphoid tissue in the posterior oropharynx, consisting of palantine lingual, and pharyngeal tonsils
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Which structures connect the typanic cavity with the nasopharynx
|
The auditory eustachian tube
role in regulating pressure within the middle ear |
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Where is the nasopharynx is the opening of the auditory tube
|
In the lateral wall
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What muscle attaches to the auditory tube
|
the salpingopharyngeus muscle
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What forms the border between the oral cavity and the oropharynx
|
the palatoglossal arch
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What are the superior and inferior borders of the oropharynx
|
the soft palate superiorly
superior border of the epiglottis inferiorly |
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Which 2 folds bound the oropharynx laterally
|
the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal
|
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What lies in between the palatoglossal and paltopharngeal
|
paltine tonsils
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What is the name of the inferior projection from the midline of the soft palate
|
the uvula
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What is the sensory innervation of the oropharynx
|
CN 1X
|
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List the 5 muscles of the soft palate
|
Tensor Vali Panatini
Levator veli palatine Palatoglossus palatopharyngeus Musculus Uvulae |
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Which muscle is responsible for elevating and retracting the soft palate
|
the levator veli palantine
|
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What is the laryngopharynx
|
The portions of the pharynx that lies posterior to the layrnx
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|
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What are the superior and inferior margins of the laryngopharynx
|
SUPERIOR:
the upper border of the epiglottis INFERIOR: the lower border of the cricoid cartilage |
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|
The lens between 2 structures
|
iris anterioly
vitreous body posteriorly lens functions to transmit light |
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The iris divides the space between the lens and cornea into which chambers
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anterior and posterior chambers
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|
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What fills those chambers
|
Aqueous humor
|
|
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Trace the flow of the aqueus humor
|
made by the cilliary processes
enters the posterior chamber, flows into the anterior chamber and is drained from the anterior chamber via the canal of Schlemm |
|
|
Obstruction of the canal of the Schlemm can lead to
|
Glaucoma
|
|
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What are the consequences of glaucoma
|
The resultant increase in intraocular pressure can cause reintal damage and blindness
|
|
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What is the vitreous humor
|
Watery fluid posterior to the lens that functions to support the lens and transmit light
|
|
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What are the 3 ocular tunics
|
The fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and the retina
|
|
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What 2 structures form the fibrous tunic of the eyeball
|
sclera: covers the posterior five sixths of the eyeball
cornea: covers the anterior one sixth of the eyeball |
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Which structures pierce the sclera
|
optic nerve
central artery of the retina ciliary nerve, artery and vein |
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What is the function of the cornea
|
Refraction of light
|
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What is the clinical condition may result from trauma to the cornea or from an ocular foreign body
|
Corneal abrstraction
|
|
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What is the name for the site where the cornea and the scalera meet
|
Limbus
|
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What 3 structures comprimise the middle vascular tunic of the eyeball
|
choroid, cilliary body, and the iris
|
|
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Which structure is responsible for nourishing the retina
|
the choroid
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What action changes the convexity of the lens
|
contraction by the ciliary muscle
|
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When the lens is focusing on distant objects which change occurs within it
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its flattens
acheived by relaxation of the ciliary muscle, which leads to contraction of the suspensory ligament |
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What is the nerve supply to the ciliary muscle
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Parasympathetic fibers from CN III
via the short ciliary nerves |
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What is the name of the central pigmented diaphragm in the middle eye layer
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iris
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What is the central aperture of the iris called
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the pupil
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What type of fibers innervate
The sphincter pupillae |
parasympathetic fibers from CN III
via the short ciliary nerves from the ciliary ganglion |
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The dilator pupillae
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Sympathetic fibers via the long ciliary nerves
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What are the 2 layers of the retina
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the pigmented retina
neural retina |
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Where are the photoreceptors found
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in the neural retina
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Which structures are specialized for the vision in dim light
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rods
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Which structures are specialized for visual acuity and color vision
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Cones
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The greatest visual acuity is found on which portion of the retina
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macula
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What is the name of the central depression in the macual
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fovea centralis
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Axons from the ganglion cells of the retina converge to form which structure
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CN II the optic nerve
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What is the name of the origin of CN II on the retina
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the optic disc
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What is the center of the optic disc called
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The optic cup
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What is the name of the parasymphatic ganlion in the posterior orbit, lateral to the optic disc
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the ciliary ganlion
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The ciliary ganglion transmits parasympathetic fibers to which structures via the short ciliary nerves
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the sphincter pupillae and cillary muscles
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Which nerve provides the sense of sight
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the optic nerve
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Is CN II part of the central or peripheral nervous system
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central
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Where does the optic nerve from 1 eye join the optic nerve from the opposite eye
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at the optic chaism
can lead to bitemporal hemianopsia |
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The optic disc is pierced by which blood vessel
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the central artery of the retina
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What can result from occulusion of the central artery of the retina
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instand blindness
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Which feature of the central artery of the retina makes it occulsion such an emergency
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it is an end artery
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What is the venous drainage from the obrit
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the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins, draining into the cavernous sinus
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Superior rectus muscle
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moves the eyeball superiorly and medially
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Inferior Rectus Muscle
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moves the eyeball inferiorly and medially
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Medial Rectus Muscle
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adducts the eyeball
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Lateral Rectus Muscle
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abducts the eyeball
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Superior Oblique Muscle
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Moves the eyeball inferiorly and laterally
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Inferior oblique muscle
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moves the eyeball superioly and laterally
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What is the common origin of all 4 rectus muscles
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they all arise from a common tendinous ring around the optic canal in the posterior orbit
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Where do the rectus muscles insert
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into the anterior sclera
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How do the oblique muscles move the eye straight up and down
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obliques recruit the recti muscles
inferior oblique works with the superior rectus superior oblique works with the infeior rectus |
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Turning the eye medially and looking up and down
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superior and inferior oblique
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Turning the eye laterally and looking up and down
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superior and inferior recti
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What is the origin course and insertion of the superior oblique muscle
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body of the sphenoid bone the muscle forms tendons that run anteriorly to reach the trochlea
turns posteriorly and courses laterally to insert on the sclera inferior to the superior rectus |
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What are the orgin and insertion of the inferior oblique muscles
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origin: the floor of the orbit
insertion: the sclera, inferior to the lateral rectus |
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Describe the innveration of the extraocular muscles
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Oculomotor nerves
Trochlear nerves: superior oblique muscle Abducens nerve: lateral rectus muscle |
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The superior division of CN Iii innvervates which structures
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superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris msucles
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The inferior divison of CN III inervates which structure
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Medial and inferior recti, inferior oblique and ciliary muscles, and sphincter pupillaw
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A lesion of CN IV will lead to what deficit
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failure of the eye to depress fully in adduction
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A lesion of CN VI will lead to what deficit
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failure of the eye to abduct
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