The Glossary In The Back Of This Chemistry Review Book

Front 1

acid

Back 1

any species (molecule or ion) that can donate a proton to another species

Front 2

activated complex

Back 2

an unstable intermediate product of a chemical reaction

Front 3

activation energy

Back 3

the energy required to form the activated complex and initiate a chemical reaction

Front 4

addition polymerization

Back 4

the result of joining monomers of unsaturated compounds, usually hydrocarbons, by "opening" double or triple bonds in the carbon chain

Front 5

addition reaction

Back 5

a reaction that occurs when one or more atoms are added to an unsaturated hydrocarbon molecule at a double or triple bond

Front 6

alkadiene

Back 6

a hydrocarbon that has two double bonds and the general formula C(n)H(2n-n)

* two double bonds
* C(n)H(2n-n)

Front 7

alkali metals`

Back 7

the elements of Group 1 of the periodic table

Front 8

alkaline earth metals

Back 8

the elements of Group 2 of the periodic table

Front 9

alkane (methane) series

Back 9

a group of saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula C(n)H(2n+2)

* saturated
* C(n)H(2n+2)

Front 10

alkene (olefin) series

Back 10

a group of unsaturated hydrocarbons with one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula C(n)H(2n)

* unsaturated
* double bond
* C(n)H(2n)

Front 11

allotrope

Back 11

an element that exhibits different forms due to the formation of molecules composed of different numbers of atoms

Front 12

alloy

Back 12

a substance composed of two or more metals mixed or dissolved together

Front 13

alpha decay

Back 13

the emission of alpha particles, the nuclei of helium atoms, from the nuclei of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes

Front 14

alpha particle

Back 14

a radioactive emanation that has the same composition as the nucleus of a helium atom: two protons and two neutrons

Front 15

amino acid

Back 15

an organic compound in which the amine group --NH2 has replaced a hydrogen atom usually on the carbon atom next to the carboxyl group

Front 16

amphoteric (or amphiprotic)

Back 16

a substance that can act either as an acid or a base

Front 17

anion

Back 17

a negatively charged ion

Front 18

anode

Back 18

in any electrochemical cell, the electrode at which oxidation occurs

Front 19

artificial transmutation

Back 19

a bombardment of the nucleus of an atom with high-energy particles such as protons, neutrons, and alpha particles in order to make that nucleus artificially radioactive

Front 20

average kinetic energy

Back 20

the temperature of a body

Front 21

Avogadro's hypothesis

Back 21

equal volumes of all gases, measured at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of particles

Front 22

Avogadro's number

Back 22

6.02 X 10^23
The number of atoms in one gram-atomic mass of any element or the number of molecules in 1 gram-formula mass of any compound

Front 23

base

Back 23

any species that can combine with (accept) a proton

Front 24

benzene series

Back 24

a group of hydrocarbons with the general formula C(n)H(2n-6)

Front 25

beta decay

Back 25

teh emission of beta particles, or high-speed electrons, from the nucleus of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes

* increases atomic number by 1

Front 26

binary compound

Back 26

a compound containing two elements and whose name usually ends in -ide

Front 27

Boyle's law

Back 27

at constant temperature, the volume of a given mass of gas varies inversely with the pressure exerted on it

Front 28

breeder reactor

Back 28

a type of neclear reactor that produces both energy and plutonium-239, a nuclear fuel. The reactor produces more fuel than it consumes.

Front 29

carboxylic acid

Back 29

an organic acid with the general formula R--COOH

Front 30

catalyst

Back 30

a substance that increases the rate of reaction without being chemically altered itself

Front 31

cathode

Back 31

in any electrochemical cell, the electrode at which reduction occurs

Front 32

cation

Back 32

a positively charged ion

Front 33

Charles' law

Back 33

at constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of gas varies directly with the Kelvin (absolute) temperature

Front 34

chemical equilibrium

Back 34

the state of a reversible reaction that occurrs when the reates of the opposing reactions are equal

Front 35

colloid

Back 35

a homogenous mizture containing particles large enough to reflect a beam of light

Front 36

condensation

Back 36

an exothermic change from gas to liquid

Front 37

condensation polymerization

Back 37

the result of the bonding of monomers by a dehydration reaction

Front 38

control rods

Back 38

rods made of boron or cadmium that can be moved in and out of a nuclear reactor to control the rate of a fission reaction

Front 39

coordinate covalent bond

Back 39

a bond in which both electrons of a shared pair in a covalent bond are donated by the same atom

Front 40

covalent bond

Back 40

a bond formed by the sharing of electrons

Front 41

Dalton's law

Back 41

the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sm of the individual pressures of the gases comproising the mixture
daniell cell

Front 42

Daniell cell

Back 42

an electrochemical cell using copper and zinc half-cells

Front 43

dihydroxy alcohols

Back 43

Carbon compounds that contain two --OH groups per molecule

Front 44

dipole

Back 44

an assymetrical molecule whose centers of positive and negative charge are located at different parts of the molecule

Front 45

dissociation

Back 45

the separation of an ionic or covalent compound into simpler species

Front 46

ductile substance

Back 46

a solid material or substance that can be drawn out to form a thin wire

Front 47

electrode

Back 47

a metal conductor in any electrochemical cell

Front 48

electrolysis

Back 48

the decomposition of an electrolyte by an electric current

Front 49

electrolyte

Back 49

a substance whose aqueous solution conducts electric current

Front 50

electronegativity

Back 50

a neasyre if tge abukutt of a nucleus to attract the electrons in a covalent bond

Front 51

electroplating

Back 51

the process of coating a metal in an electrolytic cell

Front 52

endothermic reaction

Back 52

a reaction that has a positive heat of reaction in which energy is absorbed and the potential energy of the products is greater than the potential energy of the reactants

Front 53

enthalpy

Back 53

a measure of the potential energy of chemical bonds

Front 54

entropy

Back 54

a measure of the disorder, randomness, or lack of organization in a system

Front 55

esterification

Back 55

organic acid + alcohol = ester + water

Front 56

excited state

Back 56

the condition of an atom that exists from absorption of energy, characterized by the movement of one or more electrons to higher energy levels

Front 57

exothermic reaction

Back 57

a reaction that has a negative heat of reaction in which energy is released and the potential energy of the products is less than the potential energy of the reactants

Front 58

fermentation

Back 58

a process in which enzymes act as catalysts to produce alcohol from carbohydrates

Front 59

fission reactor

Back 59

a type of nuclear reactor presently in use that produces energy from the fission of uranium

Front 60

free energy change

Back 60

the difference between energy change and entropy change according tothe formula G = H - T S
(goldfish are horrible without tartar sauce)

Front 61

ground state

Back 61

the normal state of an atom with all of its electrons in their lowest available energy levels

Front 62

half-life

Back 62

the time required for one-half of the nuclei of a given sample of a radioactive element to undergo decay

Front 63

halogen substitution

Back 63

a reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms of a saturated hydrocarbon are replaced by a corresponding number of halogen atoms

Front 64

heterogeneous substance

Back 64

a sample of a substance that is not uniform throughout in its properties, composition, or phase

Front 65

homologous series

Back 65

a group of organic compounds with the same general formula and similar structures and properties

Front 66

hydration

Back 66

the addition of water to a compound or an ion

Front 67

hydrogenation

Back 67

the addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocabon or hydrocarbon derivative

Front 68

hydrolysis

Back 68

the reactino of a silt with water to form a slightly acidic or basic solution

Front 69

immiscible

Back 69

term for two liquids that will not mix to form a solution

Front 70

ionic bond

Back 70

a bond between oppositely charged particles formed when electrons are transferred between atoms

Front 71

ionization energy

Back 71

the amounto f energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an atom in the gas phase

Front 72

isomers

Back 72

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

Front 73

isotopes

Back 73

atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses

Front 74

kilojoule

Back 74

one thousand joules

Front 75

Le Chatelier's principle

Back 75

When a system at equilibrium is subjected to a stress, the system will shift so as to relieve the stress and move to a new equilibrium

Front 76

malleable

Back 76

Term for the ability of a metal to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets

Front 77

metal

Back 77

an element that contains atoms that lose electrons to form positive ions in chemical reactions

+ losers
+ conductivity
+ luster
+ malleability

Front 78

metallic bond

Back 78

a bond formed by the sea of mobile valance electrons that surround the positive metal ions in a metallic crystal

Front 79

moderator

Back 79

a substance that can slow down neutrons, used in nuclear reactors to control fission reactions

Front 80

network solid

Back 80

covalently bonded atoms linked in a network that extends throughout a large sample

Front 81

nonelectrolyte

Back 81

a substance whose aqueous solution does not conduct electric current

Front 82

nonpolar

Back 82

term for a bond or a molecule with uniform distribution of charge

Front 83

nonpolar bond

Back 83

a covalent bond in which the electron pair that forms the bond is shared equally by two atoms

Front 84

nonvolatile

Back 84

term for a liquid with negligible vapor pressure

Front 85

nuclear fission

Back 85

a reaction in which heavy nuclei are split into light nuclei

Front 86

nuclear fusion

Back 86

the process of combining two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus and releasing an even greater amount of energy than in a fission reaction

Front 87

polarity

Back 87

term used to describe a molecule in which one end has a slightly positive charge and the other end has a slightly negative charge because of asymmetrical arrangement of polar bonds

Front 88

polar covalent bond

Back 88

a covalent bond in which the electron pair is not shared equally by the two atoms; generally, a covalent bond in which the electron pair is shared by atoms of different elements