The Eukaryotic Cell

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Plasma Membrane

Back 1

Outermost component of cell, separating the cytoplasm from its extracellular environment.

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Cytoplasm

Back 2

Gel-like structure holding cell's organelles.

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Cytosol

Back 3

Fluid component of cytoplasm, which contains metabolically active structures. Contains contains hundreds of enzymes.

Front 4

Microtrabecular Lattice

Back 4

A network of thin filaments that interconnect the cytoplasmic filaments.

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Cytoskeleton

Back 5

A cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained within a cell's cytoplasm and is made out of protein.

Front 6

Nuclear Envelope

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Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/microtrabecular-lattice#ixzz1l9PI8mzp

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Nuclear Pore Complex

Back 7

Sites where inner and outer membranes of nuclear envelope fuse, resulting in these lipid-free spaces. These contain machinery that regulate most bidirectional transport between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Front 8

Karyoplasm

Back 8

The protoplasm of a cell nucleus.

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Glycolyx

Back 9

External surface of cell shows this fuzzy carbohydrate-rich region in TEM. Layer made of carbohydrate chains linked to membrane proteins and lipids and of cell-secreted glycoproteins and proteoglycans. Plays role in cell recognition and attachment to other cells and to extracellular molecules.

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Endoplasmic reticulum

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Membrane composed of anastomosing network of intercommunicating channels and sacs.

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Cisterna

Back 11

Space enclosed by continuous membrane.

Front 12

Cisternae

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Plural of cisterna. Appear striated.

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Golgi complex

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Completes posttranslational modifications, then packages and addresses proteins synthesized in the RER. Composed of smooth membranous saccules where these functions occur.

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Mitochondrion

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Membrane-enclosed organelles with enzyme arrays specialized for aerobic respiration and production of ATP.

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Lysosome

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Sites of intracellular digestion and turnover of cellular components. Filled with hydrolytic enzymes and abundant in cells with phagocytic activity (macrophages, neutrophils).

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Peroxisome

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Spherical membrane-limited organelles. Use oxygen but don't produce ATP and do not participate in cellular metabolism. Oxidize specific substrates by removing H atoms that are transferred to molecular oxygen (02). Produces H2O2, which is damaging to cell so broken down by catalase--an enzyme in all peroxisomes.

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Microbody

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Cytoplasmic organelle of a more or less globular shape that comprises degradative enzymes bound within a single membrane. Microbodies are specialized as containers for metabolic activity.

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Residual Body

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Name given to lysosomes after nutrients released into cytoplasm and undigestible material is retained within the vacuoles.

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Lipofuscin

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Accumulation of residual bodies in long-lived cells (neurons, heart muscle).

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Phagocytosis

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Cell eating. Occurs in cells specialized for engulfing and removing particulate matter: bacteria, protozoa, dead cells, and unneeded extracellular constituents.

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Multivesicular body

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Mainly spherical, lack tubules, and contain many close-packed lumenal vesicles.

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Cytoskeleton

Back 22

Cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained within a cell's cytoplasm and is made out of protein.

Front 23

Cilia

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Motile process covered by cell membrane, with a highly organized microtubule core. Sweeps fluid along the surface of cell sheets. On apical end of epithelial cells.

Front 24

Flagella

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Motile process covered by cell membrane, with a highly organized microtubule core. Found on spermatozoa.

Front 25

Axoneme

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Cytoplasmic core of unusually stable microtubules.

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Nucleoplasm

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Type of protoplasm enveloped by the nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope. Highly viscous liquid that surrounds the chromosomes and nucleoli.

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Chromatin

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Chromosomal material, uncoiled.

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Euchromatin

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Type of chromatin. Less coiled portion. Visible as finely dispersed granular material in electron microscope and as lightly stained basophilic areas in light microscope.

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Heterochromatin

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Type of chromatin. Electron dense, appears as coarse granules in electron microscope and as basophilic clumps in light microscope.

Front 30

Nuclear lamina

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Meshwork of fibrous proteins closely associated with inner nuclear membrane. Helps to stabilize nuclear envelope.

Front 31

Nuclear lamins

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Major components of lamina are these intermediate filament proteins. Bind to membrane proteins and associate with chromatin in non-dividing cells.

Front 32

Chromosomes

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Higher order of chromatin which coil into microscopically visible structures when stained.

Front 33

Autosomes

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Chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. Equal number in males and females.

Front 34

Nuclear matrix

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Network of fibres found throughout the inside of a cell nucleus and is somewhat analogous to the cell cytoskeleton. Highly dynamic structure,allows free diffusion of molecules in the nucleus.

Front 35

Nucleolus

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Spherical, highly basophilic structure, due to presence of densely concentrated rRNA. Found in nuclei active in protein synthesis.

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Pars fibrosa

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Consist of primary rRNA transcripts

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Pars granulosa

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The granular and filamentous part of the nucleolonema.

Front 38

Nucleolar-associated chromatin

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Heterochromatin associated with the nucleus.

Front 39

Nucleolar organizer

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Chromosomal region around which the nucleolus forms. This region is the particular part of a chromosome that is associated with a nucleolus after the nucleus divides. Silver stain can be used to identify this region.

Front 40

Nucleolar Matrix

Back 40

The generally amorphous background material in which the fibrils of the dense fibrillar component and the granules of the granular component are considered to be embedded.

Front 41

Perichromatin granule

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Granules that contain nucleic acid, found near the masses of nuclear chromatin in the hepatic parenchymal cells.

Front 42

Interchromatin granule

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A class of nuclear body distributed throughout the interchromatin space, linked together by thin fibrils. Believed to be storage centers for various snRNAs, snRNPs, serine/arginine-rich proteins and RNA polymerase II.

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Mitosis

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Visible manifestation of cell division, including DNA replication. Seen in somatic cells.

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Centriole

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Cylindrical structures composed of short, highly organized microtubules.

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Basal body

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Found at base of cilium or flagellum, similar to centriole, which controls assembly of the axoneme.

Front 46

Centrosome

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Pair of centrioles.

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Cytokinesis

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Division of cytoplasm.

Front 48

Interphase

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Period between mitoses. DNA replicated, nucleus appears as it does most commonly in histological preparations. Duplication of centrosomes and centrioles.

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Prophase

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Chromatin condenses, chromosomes consist of sister chromatids. Centrioles migrate to opposite poles.

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Prometaphase

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Microtubules and mitotic spindle appear between centrosomes. Nucleolus disappears and transcription activity stops.

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Metaphase

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Condensed microtubules attach to microtubules of mitotic spindle at kinetochores.

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Anaphase

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Sister chromatids separate from each other separate from each other and are slowly pulled at their kinetochores toward opposite spindle poles by kinesin motors moving along microtubules. Spindle poles move further apart.

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Telophase

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Two sets of chromosomes are at spindle poles and condense. Nuclear envelope reforms

Front 54

Meisosis

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Specialized process involving two closely associated cell divisions that occur only in cells that form sperm and egg cells in gonads.

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Kinetochore

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electron dense protein complexes where microtubules attach condensed chromosomes.

Front 56

Cleavage

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During cytokinesis, at end of telophase, cleavage furrow forms at belt of cell contraction ring. Constriction continues until cytoplasm and its organelles are divided into two daughter cells, each with one nucleus.

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Karyotype

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Number and characteristics of chromosomes encountered in an individual.

Front 58

Necrosis

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Cell death as a result of accidental injury. Cells ruptured and contents released. Inflammatory response: series of local reactions and immigration of leukocytes.

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Apoptosis

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Programmed cell death. Eliminate cells whose survival blocked by lack of nutrients, by damage caused by free radicals of by the action of tumor suppressor proteins.Cell not ruptured and contents not released. In mature ovary: both monthly loss of luteal cells and removal of excess oocytes and their follicles.