The Essence Of Anthropology Ch. 14

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kinship

Back 1

a network of relatives within which individual posess certain mutual rights and obligations

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descent group

Back 2

any kinship group with a membership lineally descending from a real (historical) or fictional common ancestor

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unilineal descent

Back 3

Descent that establishes group membership exclusively through either the male or female line

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matilineal descent

Back 4

descent traced exclusively through thte female line to establish group membership

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patrilineal desent

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descent traced exclusively through the male line to establish group membership

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lineage

Back 6

a unilineal kinship group descended from a known ancestor or founder, who commonly lived about five generations ago, and in which relationships between each member can be exactly stated in genealogical

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clan

Back 7

an extended unilineal kinship group, often consisting of several lineages, whose members claim common descent from a remote ancestor, usually legendary or mythological

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fission

Back 8

the splitting of descent group into two or more new descent groups

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totemism

Back 9

the belief that people are related to particular animals, plants, or natural objects by virtue of descent from common ancestral spirits

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phratry

Back 10

a unilineal descent group composed of at least two clans that supposedly share a common ancestry, whether or not they really do

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moiety

Back 11

each group that results fro a division of a society into two halves on the basis of descent

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kindred

Back 12

an individual's genetically close reatives on the maternal and paternal sides of his or her family.

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Eskimo system

Back 13

kinship reckoning in which the nuclear family is emphasized by specifically identifying the mother, father, brother, and sister, while lumping together all other relatives into breoad categories such as uncle, aunt, and cousin. also referrred to as lineal system

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Hawaiian system

Back 14

kinship reckoning in which all relatives of the same sex and generation are referred to by the same term

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Iroquois system

Back 15

kinship reckoningin which a a father and gather's brother are referred to by a single term, as are a mother and mother's sister, but a father's sister and mother's brother are given separate terms. parallel cousins are classified with brothers and sisters, while cross cousins are classified separately but not equated with relatives of some other generation

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new reproductive technologies

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alternative means of reprouction such as surrogate motherhood and in vitro fertilization

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age grade

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an organized category of people based on age; every individual passes through a series of such categories over his or her lifetime

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age set

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a formally established group of people born during a certain time span who move through the series of age grade categories together

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common-interest associations

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associations that result from an act of joining based on sharing particular acivities, objectives, values, or beliefs

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stratified societies

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societies in which people are hierarchically divided and ranked into social strata, or layers and do not share equally in basic resources that support survival, influence, and prestige

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egalitarian societies

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societiesin which everyone has about equal rank, access to and power over basic resources

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social class

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a category of individuals who enjoy equal or nearly equal prestige according to the system of evaluation

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caste

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a closed social class in which membership is determinded by birth and fixed for life