The Environment And Your Health - Final (Exam 3) - Johns Hopkins University - Trush

Front 1

Vectors (Must Have ALL 4)

Back 1

Air, Water, Soil, Food

Front 2

Methods of Exposure (3)

Back 2

Inhalation, Ingestion, Dermal Absorption

Front 3

Toxicodynamics

Back 3

Effect of Toxicant on Body

Front 4

Toxicokinetics

Back 4

How the Body handles the Toxicant

Front 5

4 Stages of Toxicokinetics

Back 5

Absorbtion, Distribution, Biotransformation, Excretion

Front 6

Name 2 Major Environmental Health Events and what were they?

Back 6

• London & Donora (Air pollution)
• Minamata Bay, Japan (Methyl mercury poisoning)
• Iraq (Bread contamination)
• Seveso, Italy (TCDD leak)
• Bhopal (Pesticide release)
• Chernobyl (Nuclear reactor accident)
• Milwaukee (Contamination of drinking water)
• Gulf (Oil spill)
• Fukushima (Nuclear reactor accident)

Front 7

"All Waters be fishable and swimmable" - Name the legislation.

Back 7

Clean Water Act

Front 8

Who regulates personal water wells?

Back 8

No gov entity. Private homeowners

Front 9

CERCLA was also known as what?

Back 9

Superfund

Front 10

Name 3 characteristics that make diseases hard to identify.

Back 10

• Latency
• Multi-factorial etiology
• Disease non-specificity
• Individual characteristics
• Changes in response with changing dose • Mixed exposures

Front 11

3 Steps of Risk Analysis

Back 11

Risk Assessment, Risk Management, Risk Communication

Front 12

Risk Assessment (3 Parts)

Back 12

Hazard ID, Dose-Response, Exposure Assessment

Front 13

Define Risk Management

Back 13

How to incorporate social and political factors

Front 14

Define Risk Communication

Back 14

How to Communicate to the public

Front 15

What is the largest source for air pollutants?

Back 15

Transportation

Front 16

True of False? Threshold is theoretical

Back 16

True.

Front 17

HAPs

Back 17

Hazardous Air Pollutants (Carcinogenic, NO Threshold, Limited/ point sources)

Front 18

CAPs

Back 18

Criteria Air Pollutants (Non Carcinogenic, Has threshold, Ubiquitous) Ex. PM, SO2, NO2, Ozone

Front 19

Who are most prone to air pollution/ illnesses associated with environmental effects?

Back 19

Susceptible Populations

Front 20

Who are Susceptible Populations?

Back 20

• Asthmatics
• Children
• Elderly
• Those who have acute/chronic respiratory illnesses
• Women and children in developing countries

Front 21

Primary Pollutants

Back 21

Directly emitted into the air (SO2, NO2, CO)

Front 22

Secondary Pollutants

Back 22

Formed in air through reactions (O3, Acid Rain)

Front 23

ETS

Back 23

Environmental Tobacco Smoke

Front 24

Sick Building Syndrome vs Building Related Illness

Back 24

• Building related illness
– Can be traced to specific source (traceable
etiology)
– Symptoms include cough, chest tightness, fever, chills, muscle aches, or more serious outcomes

• Sick building syndrome
– Cannot be traced to specific source
– Symptoms include nausea, fatigue, dizziness, concentration problems, headache, skin irritation, respiratory tract irritation
• Symptoms diminish/cease when leave the building

Front 25

Name 2 Strategies to Control Indoor Air Pollution

Back 25

Ventilation, Source Removal, Source Modification, Air Cleaning, Education

Front 26

What does the FDA regulate?

Back 26

All domestic and imported food sold in interstate commerce, including shell eggs, but not meat and poultry, Bottled water

Front 27

What does the USDA regulate?

Back 27

All domestic imported meat and poultry and related products, processed egg products (not shell eggs)

Front 28

Outbreak

Back 28

2 or more persons experiencing a foodborne disease, identified by CDC

Front 29

Melamine (Source and Health Effects)

Back 29

Source: gluten (protein) for cheap thickener & meat
substitute

Health effects: renal failure

Front 30

Aflatoxin (Source and Health Effects)

Back 30

CARCINOGENIC
– Source: mold found in grain (peanuts, corn)
– Health effects: lethal to animals at high levels, immunotoxic to humans

Front 31

Acrylamide (Source and Health Effects)

Back 31

– Source: potato starch – french fries & potato chips have
the highest concentration due to high temperatures
– Health effects: carcinogenic

Front 32

Sodium nitrite (Source and Health Effect)

Back 32

– Source: used for curing meat
– Health effect: reacts with hemoglobin (Blue Men)

Front 33

Microbial Growth Factors (Name 2)

Back 33

• Nutrient availability
•Moisture content (water activity - higher
promotes microbial growth; highest levels are in fresh fruit, vegetables, meat, fish, bread)
• Oxygen reduction potential
• Temperature (cold temperatures – increases
storage life)
• pH (some microbes have a wide range of pH that it can thrive in, such as staph)

Front 34

Causes of Foodborne Outbreak (Name 2)

Back 34

• Improper holding temperature • Poor personal hygiene
• Inadequate cooking
• Contaminated equipment
• Food from unsafe sources • Use of leftovers
• Cross contamination

Front 35

Hypersensitivity

Back 35

An exaggerated response to a specific dose; increased susceptibility

Front 36

Ionizing Radiation

Back 36

radiation with sufficient energy to eject electrons from atoms

Front 37

Non-ionizing radiation

Back 37

radiation without sufficient energy to eject electrons from atoms

Front 38

Electromagnetic radiation

Back 38

have no mass and no charge

Examples: UV, visible light, x-rays, EMFs
• IONIZING: x-rays, gamma-rays
• NON-IONIZING: ELFs, microwaves, UV light

Front 39

Particulate radiation

Back 39

have mass and charge

Examples: alpha particles, beta particles,
neutrons
• IONIZING: alphas, betas

Front 40

Name 1 Source of Natural Radiation

Back 40

Sun (UV Rays), Soil (Radon)

Front 41

Name 1 Source of Man-Made Radiation

Back 41

Medical Devices, Consumer Products, Fallout from Nuke Bombs

Front 42

External Radiation vs Internal Radiation

Back 42

Radiation Outside vs Internal, External includes xrays, gamma rays while internal contains alpha, beta particles

Front 43

Deterministic Radiation (Function of Dose, Examples)

Back 43

Severity is a function of Dose
HAS threshold
Examples: Chernobyl, Sun Burn

Front 44

Random Radiation (Function of Dose, Examples)

Back 44

Risk is a function of Dose
No Threshold
Effects are delayed
Examples: Cell Phone use to Cancer

Front 45

Risk Analysis Equation

Back 45

Risk = probability x consequences

Front 46

Risk-Risk

Back 46

Which intervention is less risky?

Front 47

3 Components of Food Security

Back 47

Availability, Access, Use

Front 48

Who is the largest user of freshwater?

Back 48

Agriculture

Front 49

What is the largest producer of greenhouse gases?

Back 49

Agriculture (Cows -> Methane)

Front 50

What is the largest producer of air pollution?

Back 50

Transportation

Front 51

Draw the Infectious Disease Model

Back 51

DO IT. How much would you bet Trush will put that on the final? 1 BILLION DOLLARS

Front 52

4 Types of Infectious Diseases

Back 52

Viral, Bacterial, Parasitic, Fungal

Front 53

Name 2 Pathogen Characteristics that influence Infectious disease transmission

Back 53

• Physical structure
• Survival/growth in environment
• Lifecycle characteristics
• Antigen (structures that induce immune response)
• Host

Front 54

Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity

Back 54

• Innate immunity: natural defenses against pathogens
– Body knows how to do: inflammation, puss

• Adaptive immunity: immune responses that mature after exposure to an agent (vaccination)
– Body does: t-cells and b-cells

Front 55

Epidemic

Back 55

Epidemic: occurrence of disease among human communities in EXCESS of that which is expected

Front 56

Pandemic

Back 56

Global Epidemic

Front 57

Epizootic

Back 57

Epizootic: occurrence of disease among ANIMAL communities in
excess of that which is normally expected

Front 58

Endemic

Back 58

occurrence of disease among human community at a level that is generally STABLE over time

Front 59

Hypoendemicity

Back 59

areas of little transmission

Front 60

Mesoendemicity

Back 60

areas of variable transmission (depends on local
circumstances)

Front 61

Hyperendemicity

Back 61

intense but seasonal transmission (immune response lacking in some age groups)

Front 62

Holoendemicity

Back 62

intense but perennial transmission (high immune response in all age groups)

Front 63

4 Components of an Outbreak

Back 63

• Incubation period: period of time after exposure to an agent before disease manifests

• Epidemic curve: plot of cases of disease by time of onset

• Attack rate: incidence of disease over the course of an outbreak

• Case-fatality rate: proportion of fatal cases of a disease to those diagnosed with the disease (%)

Front 64

Draw an Epidemic Curve

Back 64

DO IT

Front 65

What is the most common life threatening infection?

Back 65

MALARIA

Front 66

What is one of the most commonly identified antibiotic resistant pathogens globally?

Back 66

MRSA

Front 67

In what type of environment does Cholera survive and grow in?

Back 67

Aquatic (attracted to salinity)

Front 68

Built Environment

Back 68

Where people live, work, play, study

Front 69

Community Design - Factors to Take Into Account (Name 3)

Back 69

– Density
– Mixed land use
– Activity Centers
– Housing diversity
– Placement of food stores, medical clinics, essential services
– Maintenance
– Law enforcement
– Greenery
– Healthy transportation policy (public transportation, bikes)
– Walking

Front 70

Housing Disparities (Name 2)

Back 70

• Shortage of affordable housing
• Substandard housing(holeinroof,broken windows, crumbling foundation, rats)
• Cancontributetopsychosocialstress
– Crowding
– Poor quality housing
– Inadequate access to healthy food & recreational
opportunities
– Family turmoil and violence
• Canleadtoadversehealthoutcomes – Asthma
– Lead poisoning – Lung cancer

Front 71

Healthy Home Steps (Name 3)

Back 71

KEEP YOUR HOME:
1. Dry
2. Clean
3. Pest-free
4. Safe
5. Contaminant free
6. Ventilated
7. Maintained

Front 72

Name 2 Components of a Livable Future

Back 72

• Meeting human needs for now and the future
• Minimizing use of non-renewable resources
• Sustainable use of renewable resources
• Keeping within absorptive capacity of local and global sinks for waste

Front 73

Carrying capacity

Back 73

the maximum number of organisms that a habitat can support and sustain without degrading the environment

Front 74

Overpopulation

Back 74

when the carrying capacity is exceeded, resulting in a degradation of the environment followed by a population decline

Front 75

Sustainable development

Back 75

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Front 76

Environmental Impact Model (IPAT)

Back 76

Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology

Front 77

Three P's

Back 77

Population, Pollution, Poverty

Front 78

environmental risk transition

Back 78

Changes in environmental risks that happen as a consequence of economic development in the less developed regions of the world