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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the general characteristics of hormones?
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1. Produced by endocrine glands
2. Transported via circulatory system to their target tissues. 3. A single hormone can have multiple effects on one tissue 4. A single hormone may have more than one target tissue |
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What are two structure that are endocrine glands?
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hypothalamus and ant/posterior pituitary
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What hormone type is derived from cholesterol?
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steroids
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What type of hormones are steroids?
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metabolic and sex
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What are two examples of steroid hormones?
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Testosterone/estrogen and glucocorticoids
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Where are glucocorticoids secreted from?
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adrenal cortex
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Where are testosterone and estrogen secreted from?
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gonads
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Which hormone group are most hormones classified as?
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peptides
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What are examples of peptide hormones?
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LH/FSH and GnRH
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LH/FSH are secreted from where?
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anterior pituitary
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GnRH are secreted from where?
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hypothalamus
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Where are amines derived from?
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tyrosine
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What are examples of amines?
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epi/norepi and T3/T4 & calcitonin
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Where is T3/T4 and calcitonin?
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thyroid
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Where is epi/norepi secreted from?
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adrenal medulla
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What are the general characteristics of hormones?
|
1. Produced by endocrine glands
2. Transported via circulatory system to their target tissues. 3. A single hormone can have multiple effects on one tissue 4. A single hormone may have more than one target tissue |
|
|
What are two structure that are endocrine glands?
|
hypothalamus and ant/posterior pituitary
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What hormone type is derived from cholesterol?
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steroids
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What type of hormones are steroids?
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metabolic and sex
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What are two examples of steroid hormones?
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Testosterone/estrogen and glucocorticoids
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Where are glucocorticoids secreted from?
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adrenal cortex
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Where are testosterone and estrogen secreted from?
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gonads
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Which hormone group are most hormones classified as?
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peptides
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What are examples of peptide hormones?
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LH/FSH and GnRH
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LH/FSH are secreted from where?
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anterior pituitary
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GnRH are secreted from where?
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hypothalamus
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Where are amines derived from?
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tyrosine
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What are examples of amines?
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epi/norepi and T3/T4 & calcitonin
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Where is T3/T4 and calcitonin?
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thyroid
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Where is epi/norepi secreted from?
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adrenal medulla
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In lipid soluble hormones where does the receptor bind to?
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nucleus membrane
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What is activated in a lipid soluble hormone?
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DNA
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The activation of DNA results in protein production specific for what complex?
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the particular hormone-receptor complex
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If actin and myosin are protein products after the activation of DNA what is the hormone and receptor area?
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hormone: testosterone
receptor on effector: skeletal muscle |
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What are lipid insoluble hormones?
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peptides and amines
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Where does the receptor bind to in lipid insoluble hormones?
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the surface of the plasma membrane
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What is activated in lipid insoluble hormones?
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an intracellular 2nd messanger system
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What is the result of the activation of an intracellular 2nd messanger system?
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an enzyme activation that causes a cellular response
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What is does FSH initiate?
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spermatogenesis in testes
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What is a 10 amino acid neurohormone?
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GnRH
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What is the target tissue of GnRH?
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anterior pituitary
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GnRH causes what to release?
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FSH/LH
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GnRH travels to the anterior pituitary via what system?
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hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
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LH/FSH are what specific type of hormones?
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gonadotropic hormones
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Gonadotropic hormones are synthesized and stored in what type of cells?
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gonadotropes
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What is the target tissue for LH/FSH?
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male and female gonads
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What is the fxn of LH in males?
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It causes intersitial cells of Leydig to produce and release testosterone
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What is testosterone responsible for?
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characteristics of the masculine body during development
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What is the role of testosterone in the male fetus?
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it causes the formation of a penis, scrotum, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles and it causes testes to descend into the scrotum during the last 2-3 mo. of gestation
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What happens to Leydig cells before birth?
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they regress and stop producing testosterone until puberty
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What is the role of LH during male puberty?
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it causes the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics
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What is an example of primary sex characteristics in the male?
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penis, scrotum, and testes enlargement
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What is an example of secondary sex characteristics in males?
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body hair development, enlargement of larynx and up to 50% increase in muscle mass
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What are the cells that FSH binds to specific receptors in the testes?
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sertoli cells
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What is the fxn of sertoli cells?
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it causes cells to grow and release substances important in spermatogenesis
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What 2 important hormones are released from sertoli cells that are important in spermatogenesis?
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activin and inhibin
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What does activin enhance?
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spermatogenesis
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What hormone inhibits GnRH when sperm levels are high?
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inhibin
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In females, what are inactive until puberty?
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oocyte and their surrounding follicles
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What happens to the average female around age 9 or 10?
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the anterior pituitary responds to GnRH release by increasing the secretion of FSH/LH
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What is the first phase of the ovarian cycle?
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Follicular Phase
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What hormone causes the accelerated growth of 6-12 primary follicles and their oocytes during the follicular phase?
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FSH
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What type of cells make up the most immature stage in the ovarian cycle?
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granulosa cells
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What cells develop around primary follicles and surround granulosa cells?
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thecal cells
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What do thecal cells secrete?
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testosterone
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After testosterone is secreted from thecal cells, what is then converted?
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estrogen
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Granulosa cells convert testosterone into estrogen via what?
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aromatase
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After estrogen is converted from testosterone what is formed between granulosa cells?
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and antrum
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An antrum is formed in a few primary follicles under the influence of what hormone?
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estrogen
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Once an antrum is formed, what is the new name of the follicle?
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the vesicular follicle
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The vesicular follicles and their oocytes undergo a rapid period of growth under the influence of what hormones?
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FSH and estrogen
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One vesicular follicle will outgrow all the others and what will happen to the remiaing follicles?
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they will undergo atresia
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What is the most mature follicle that will be ovulated?
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Graafian follicle
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What happens ~2 days before ovulation?
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A surge in LH secretion from the anterior pituitary will cause a rapid swelling of a Graafian follicle
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What 2 events cause the Graafian follicle to rupture and expel the oocyte?
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1. Thecal cells secrete proteolytic enzymes that degrade the follicle wall
2. Blood vessels supplying follicle to vasodilate increasing bloodflow causing the follicular wall to swell more and the antrum burst |
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What phase is described as the formation of the corpus luteum?
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Luteal stage
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What must prompt the remaining thecal cells to form the corpus luteum?
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LH
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The corpus luteum secretes what hormone?
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progesterone
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What is the fxn of progesterone?
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to promote changes in the uterus for implantation of an ovum
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What happens if fertilizaion takes place?
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the corpus luteum remains and the progesterone feeds back to the hypothalamus and ant. pituitary to inhibit the release of GnRH, LH, FSH
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What happens if fertilization does not take place?
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The corpus luteum degenerates anf forms the corpus albicans and secretion of GnRH, LH, and FSH will resume
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How does the body know if fertilization has taken place?
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by the human chorionic hormone (HCG)
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What is the structure that is a formation of scar tissue and will only occur if fertilization does not occur?
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corpus albicans
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