The Endocrine System

Front 1

The nervous system is ________ while the endocrine system is _______.

a) slow on slow off
b) quick on quick off

Back 1

b) quick on quick off
a) slow on slow off

Front 2

The endocrine system is a generalized system for wide _______.

Back 2

communication

Front 3

The ________ system and the ________ system work together to control the activities of the body's cells.

Back 3

endocrine
nervous

Front 4

A neuron's axon extends from the _______ system to innervate specific cells _______.

Back 4

nervous
directly

Front 5

Endocrine glands release secretions to the surrounding _________ _______ which then flow into the blood stream.

Back 5

extracellular fluid

Front 6

The ______, _______, and ______ are all organs of the endocrine system that are "special" and "unique"

Back 6

pancreas
gonads
hypothalamus

Front 7

________ are long distance chemical signals that travel in the blood or lymph.

Back 7

Hormones

Front 8

There are _____ main classes of chemical signals (hormones)

Back 8

two

amino-acid based
steroids

Front 9

_______ based hormones are amines, thyroxine, peptides and proteins.

Back 9

Amino-acid

Front 10

Amino-acid based hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and contain gonadal and adrenocortical hormones (true/false)

Back 10

false

Steroids hormones are....

Front 11

All amino-acid based hormones are water-soluble except ______ hormone.

Back 11

thyroid

Front 12

Water-soluble hormones _______
a) cannot enter the target cells
b) can enter the target cells
c) act on plasma membrane receptors
d) intitiate intracellular second messengers that mediate the target cell's response
e) a, c and d
f) b, c and d

Back 12

e) a, c and d

Front 13

Steroid and thyroid hormones are lipid-soluble hormones (true/false)

Back 13

true

Front 14

Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse into their target cells and bind with ________ ______ that directly activate ______.

Back 14

intracellular receptors
genes

Front 15

Target cells must have _____ receptors to which the hormones bind.

Back 15

specific

Front 16

______ receptors are only found on certain cells of the adrenal cortex while ______ receptors are found on nearly all cells of the body.

Back 16

ACTH
thyroxin

Front 17

The amount of hormone present, the amount of receptors present, and attraction (affinity) between the two are all depending factors of _______ _______ _______.

Back 17

target cell activation

Front 18

____ regulation : target cells form more receptors in respose to the hormone
____ regulation : target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone

Back 18

up
down

Front 19

Hormones circulate in the blood only when bound (true/false)

Back 19

false

they circulate in the blood either free or bound

Front 20

________ and _______ hormone are attached to plasma proteins while all others circulate without carriers

Back 20

steroids and thyroid hormone

Front 21

Hormones are removed by degrading enzymes, the kidneys and the liver (true/false)

Back 21

true

Front 22

Blood levels of hormones are controlled by ________ feedback systems.

Back 22

negative

Front 23

Blood levels of hormones vary greatly, most times out of a desirable range (true/false)

Back 23

false

They vary only within a narrow desirable range

Front 24

Hormones are synthesized and released in response to _______, _______, and _______ stimuli.

Back 24

humoral, hormonal and neural stimuli

Front 25

Changing _______ ______ of ions and nutrients directly stimulates secretion of hormones.

Back 25

blood levels

Front 26

Declining blood Ca2+ concentration stimulates the _______ glands to secrete _____.

Back 26

parathyroid
PTH

PTH causes Ca2+ levels to rise and the stimulus is removed

Front 27

The ________ nervous system fibers stimulate the ______ ______ to secrete catecholamines.

Back 27

sympathetic
adrenal medulla

example of neural stimuli

Front 28

Hormones stimulate other _______ _______ to release their hormones

Back 28

endocrine organs

Front 29

Hypothalamic hormones stimulate the release of most _______ pituitary hormones, which stimulate targets to secrete still more hormones

Back 29

anterior

Front 30

Hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine organ ________ ______ : hormones from the final target organs _______ the release of the anterior pituitary hormones.
a) positive feedback; stimulate
b) negative feedback; inhibit
c) feeback loop; inhibit
d) feedback loop; stimulate

Back 30

c) feedback loop; inhibit

Front 31

Under severe stress the hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system are activated, causing a drop in blood glucose levels (true/false)

Back 31

false

the hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system are activated causing a rise in blood glucose levels

Front 32

Nervous System ______ : The nervous system modifies the stimulation of endocrine glands and their negative feedback mechanisms

Back 32

Modulation

Front 33

Another name for the pituitary gland is _______.

Back 33

hypophysis

Front 34

The two major lobes of the pituitary gland is the ______ pituitary (neurohypophysis) and the ______ pituitary (adenohypophysis)

Back 34

posterior
anterior

Front 35

The ________ lobe of the pituitary is a downgrowth of the hypothalamus.

Back 35

posterior lobe

made of neural tissue and has neural connection to hypothalamus

Front 36

The nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesizes the neurohormones ________ and _______ and then transports and stores them in the posterior pituitary.

Back 36

oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 37

The _______ lobe of the pituitary originates as an outpocketing of the oral mucosa and has the hypophyseal portal system

Back 37

anterior

Front 38

The ________ _________ ________ carries releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion

Back 38

hypophyseal portal system

Front 39

The hormones of the anterior pituitary are _________
a) FSH, LH, PHD, FSH, PRL, ACTH
b) PRL, TSH, LH, TLC, FSH, ACTH
c) GH, FSH, CTH, PRL, ACTH, LH
d) PRL, LH, FSH, ACTH, GH, TSH

Back 39

d) PRL, LH, FSH, ACTH, GH, TSH

Front 40

All anterior pituitary hormones are _________.

Back 40

proteins

Front 41

TSH, ACTH, FSH and LH are all ______ hormones (regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands)

Back 41

tropic

Front 42

Growth hormone:
a)stimulates most but targets skeletal muscle and long bones
b) targets cardiac and smooth muscle
c) elevates blood glucose levels
d) both a and c
e) both b and c

Back 42

d) both a and c

Front 43

GH release is regulated by two hormones that come from the hypothalamus which are named ___________ and _________

Back 43

growth hormone-releasing hormone
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

Front 44

TSH is produced by the _______ _______ and stimulates the development and secretory activity of the thyroid.

Back 44

anterior pituitary

Front 45

TSH release is stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone and is inhibited by the rising ______ ______ of thyroid hormones that act on the ______ and _______.

Back 45

blood levels
pituitary
hypothalamus

Front 46

Adrenocorticotropic hormone is secreted by the _______ _______.

Back 46

anterior pituitary

Front 47

________ stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

Back 47

ACTH

Front 48

Hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released in a daily ______ which can be altered by hypoglycemia and other stressors.

Back 48

rhythm

Front 49

The gonadotropins consist of ______ and _____ and are secreted by the anterior pituitary.

Back 49

LH - luteinizing hormone
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone

Front 50

_____ promotes production of gonadal hormones, therefore absent from the blood in prepubertal girls and boys

Back 50

LH - luteinizing hormone

Front 51

FSH stimulates _______ (egg or sperm) production

Back 51

gamete

Front 52

Post-puberty, gonadotropin's release is triggered by ________ _______ _______.

Back 52

gonadotropin releasing hormone

Front 53

Initiation and maintenance of milk production (lactation) in the female is caused by LH (lactation hormone) (true/false)

Back 53

false

it is caused by prolactin

Front 54

Prolactin is secreted by the _______ pituitary.

Back 54

anterior

Front 55

Another name for prolactin-inhibiting hormone is
a) dopamine
b) lactiloline
c) muscarine
d) prolene

Back 55

a) dopamine

Front 56

Blood levels of PRL ______ toward the end of pregnancy; suckling triggers continuance of a mother's lactation.

Back 56

rise

Front 57

Oxytocin stimulates labor contractions during birth which is an example of a _______ feedback mechanism.

Back 57

positive

Front 58

Oxytocin is also referred to as the "________ hormone"

Back 58

cuddle

plays a role in the sexual arousal and orgasm in males and females

Front 59

If solute concentration is high,
ADH is synthesized and released (by hypothalamic neurons), _______ urine formation

Back 59

inhibiting

Front 60

If solute concentration is low
ADH is _________, allowing water loss
a) released
b) detained
c) inhibited
d) removed

Back 60

a) released

Front 61

________ inhibits ADH release and causes copious urine output

Back 61

Alcohol

"breaking the seal"
causes dehydration

Front 62

__________ __________ respond to changes in the solute concentration (ADH) of the blood

Back 62

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors

Front 63

The _______ gland has lateral lobes connected by the isthmus

Back 63

thyroid

Front 64

The ______ gland is composed of ________ (follicular cells) that produce the glycoprotein thyroglobulin
a) parathyroid; follicles
b) pituitary; fascicles
c) thyroid; follicles
d)thyroid; fascicles

Back 64

c) thyroid; follicles

Front 65

A colloid, which is made of _______ and _______, fills the lumen of the follicles and is the precursor of thyroid hormone

Back 65

thyroglobulin and iodine

Front 66

_______ ________ produce the hormone calcitonin

Back 66

Parafollicular cells

Front 67

THYROID HORMONE (TH) (two related compounds) -
_______(thyroxine); has 2 tyrosine molecules + ___ bound iodine atoms and
_____ (triiodothyronine); has 2 tyrosines + ___ bound iodine atoms

Back 67

T4; 4
T3; 3

Front 68

_______ is a major metabolic hormone; it increases metabolic rate and heat production
a) parathyroid hormone
b) thyroid hormone
c) thymus hormone

Back 68

b) thyroid hormone

Front 69

Thyroid hormone plays a role in:
a) maintenance of blood pressure
b) regulation of tissue growth
c) development of skeletal and nervous systems
d) reproductive capabilities
e) all of the above

Back 69

e) all of the above

Front 70

T4 and T3 are transported by thyroxine-binding globulins (TBGs). Both bind to target receptors equally (true/false)

Back 70

false

T3 is ten times more active than T4

Front 71

Rising TH levels provide _______ feedback inhibition on release of TSH

Back 71

negative

Front 72

A hyposecretion of TH is the cause of:
a) endemic goiters
b) Graves' disease

Back 72

b) Graves' disease

Front 73

________ is the antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH); it inhibits osteoclast activity and release of Ca2+from bone matrix

Back 73

Calcitonin

Front 74

What does calcitonin do?
stimulates______ uptake
regulated by ______ negative feeback system
produced by ______ cells
antagonist to ________ hormone

Back 74

-Stimulates Ca2+uptake and incorporation into bone matrix
-Regulated by a humoral (Ca2+concentration in the blood) negative feedback mechanism
-Produced by parafollicular (C) cells
-Antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Front 75

The most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis is _________

Back 75

PTH

Front 76

The parathyroid is made of four to eight tiny glands embedded in the ______ ______of the ______; contain chief cells that secrete __________ (PTH) or parathormone

Back 76

posterior aspect
thyroid
parathyroid hormone

Front 77

The most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis is:
a) calcitonin
b) ADH
c) PTH
d) ACTH
e) LH

Back 77

c) PTH

Front 78

PTH simtulates osteoclasts to _______ bone matrix.

Back 78

digest

Front 79

PTH enhances reabsorption of ______ and secretion of _______ by the kidneys

Back 79

Ca2+
phosphate

Front 80

PTH promotes activation of vitamin E (by the kidneys); increases absorption of Ca2+by intestinal mucosa (true/false)

Back 80

false

it promotes activation of vitamin D

Front 81

Negative feedback control: rising Ca2+in the blood inhibits ______ release

Back 81

PTH

Front 82

There are ____ adrenal glands; they are _______-shaped and located atop the ________.

Back 82

two
pyramid
kidneys

Front 83

The adrenal medulla is made of _______ tissue while the adrenal _______ is made of gladular tissue

Back 83

nervous
cortex

Front 84

The adrenal medulla is part of the (sympathetic/parasympathetic) nervous system

Back 84

sympathetic nervous system

Front 85

The adrenal ______ synthesizes and releases corticosteriods.

Back 85

cortex

Front 86

There are three layers of the adrenal cortex that release corticosteriods:
zona glomerulosa :________corticoids
zona fasciculata : _______corticoids
zona reticularis : __________corticoids

Back 86

mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
gonadocorticoids

Front 87

What is the most potent mineralcorticoid (stimulates Na+ reabsorption and water retention by the kidneys)?

Back 87

aldosterone

Front 88

Mineralocorticoids regulate electrolytes in the ECF, primarily _______ and _______.

Back 88

Na+ and K+

Front 89

Glucocorticoids keep _______ _______ _______ relatively constant

Back 89

blood sugar levels

Front 90

__________ maintain blood pressure by increasing the action of vasoconstrictors
a) gonadocorticoids
b) mineralocorticoids
c) glucocorticoids

Back 90

c) glucocorticoids

Front 91

Cortical is the most significant glucocorticoid (true/false)

Back 91

false

Cortisol is...

Front 92

Prime metabolic effect that involves the formation of glucose from fats and proteins

Back 92

gluconeogenisis

Front 93

________ is released in response to ACTH, patterns of eating and activity, and stress

Back 93

Cortisol

Front 94

Cortisol promotes:
a) rises in blood glucose, fatty acids and amino acids
b) deceases in blood glucose, fatty acids and amino acids

Back 94

a) rises in blood glucose, fatty acids and amino acids

Front 95

Gonadocorticoids (sex hormones) may contribute to:
a) the onset of puberty
b) the appearance of secondary sex characteristics
c) sex drive
d) none of the above
e) all of the above

Back 95

e) all of the above

Front 96

What are the (male sex hormones) that are converted to testosterone in tissue cells or estrogens in females collectively named?

Back 96

androgens

Front 97

Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla secrete epinephrine (__%) and norepinephrine (__%)

Back 97

80
20

Front 98

When thinking of the adrenal medulla and the effects of it's hormones, think of the ________ system.

Back 98

sympathetic

Front 99

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are associated with the adrenal ________.

Back 99

medulla

Front 100

(Epinephrine/Norepinephrine)__________ influences peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure

Back 100

Norepinephrine

Front 101

Epinephrine stimulates _________ activities, _________ dilation, and blood flow to _________ muscles and the heart

Back 101

metabolic
bronchial
skeletal

Front 102

The (pineal/pituitary) gland is a small gland hanging from the roof of the third ventricle.

Back 102

pineal

Front 103

Melatonin is derived from seratonin (true/false)

Back 103

true

Front 104

__________ affects:
1) Timing of sexual maturation and puberty
2) Day/night cycles
3) Physiological processes that show rhythmic variations (body temperature, sleep, apetite)

Back 104

Melatonin

Front 105

The pancreas is a triangular gland behind the _______

Back 105

stomach

Front 106

________ cells produce glucagon and _______ cells produce insulin

Back 106

alpha
beta

Front 107

Pancreatic islets called ______ ____ __________ contain endocrine cells.

Back 107

Islets of Langerhans

Front 108

The thyroid gland has Acinar cells (exocrine) that produce an enzyme-rich juice for digestion (true/false)

Back 108

false

The pancreas does

Front 109

The major target of glucagon is the ________

Back 109

liver

Front 110

_______ is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose while _________ is the synthesis of of glucose from lactic acid and non carbohydrates.

Back 110

glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis

Front 111

Glucagon promotes the release of glucose to the blood (true/false)

Back 111

true