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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four forms of cellular communication? |
1 Direct communication: Through gap junctions, highly specialized and relatively rare (cardiac muscle cell contraction)
2 paracrine communication: Uses chemical signals to communicate with nearby cells, most common form
3 Endocrine communication: Endocrine cells release hormones into the blood stream, alter metabolic activity, target cells have receptors for particular hormones
4 synaptic communication: ideal for crisis management, occurs across synaptic clefts, chemical message is a neurotransmitter, limited to a very specific area |
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How are hormones secreted and distributed throughout the endocrine system? |
Hormone circulate freely or travel bound to special carrier proteins
1 free hormones: remain functional for less than one hour… Diffuse at a bloodstream and bind receptors on target cells
2 bound hormones: remain in the bloodstream much longer |
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What are the functions of the hypophysis and the adenohypophysis? |
1 hypophysis: Releases 9 important peptide hormones that bind to membrane receptors
2 adenohypophysis: Hormones that turn on endocrine glands or support other organs, regulated by releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones |
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What is the difference between insulin and glucagon? |
Insulin: accelerates glucose uptake and stimulates glycogen formation
Glucagon: mobilizes energy reserves by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen and stimulates the production of glucose |
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What is the difference between a erythropoietin and renin? |
Erythropoietin: released from the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels and stimulates production of red blood cells in bone marrow
Renin: released in response to a decline in renal bloodflow and begins the process of angiotensinogenase into angiotensin II which ultimately leads to increased fluid intake and retention |
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The heart produces ? When blood volume becomes excessive. The result is a reduction in blood volume of blood pressure. |
Natriuretic Peptides |
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Do you thymus produces ? To help develop and maintain normal immune defenses. It also regulates the development and maturation of T cells. |
Thymosins |
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Adipose tissue produces ? Which facilitates the feedback control for appetite. |
Leptin |
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What are the mechanisms of hormone action? |
Hormone Receptor: Located at the plasma membrane are inside the cell, peptide hormones typically cannot cross the membrane while lipid derivatives typically do cross the membrane and different tissues have different combinations of receptors
1st and 2nd messengers: The first messenger is the hormone and the second messengers (ions in cell) are often produced to amplify the information and change intracellular functions |
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What are the three phases of the General adaptive syndrome (stress response)? |
1 alarm phase: energy reserves are mobilized, mainly in the form glucose and the body prepares the deal with the stress causing factor by fight or flight responses.
2 resistance phase: if a stress last longer than a few hours a person enters this phase. Energy demands in the resistance phase remain higher than normal due to the combined effects of hormones.
3 exhaustion phase: unless corrective actions are taken almost immediately, the failure of one or more systems will prove fatal… Can result in death |
