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125 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What system is where neurons release neurotransmitters?
Nervous System
What system releases hormones into blood?
Endocrine System
What system is where the effectors are neurons, muscles, or glands?
Nervous System
What system is where the effectors is all body cell types?
Endocrine System
What system has faster responses?
Nervous System
What system has slower and longer lasting responses?
Endocrine System
How are hormones transported?
Bloodstream
Hormones affect _____ cells with _____ receptors?
– Target
– Specific
Target cells may contain _____ _____ of receptors, permitting cell to respond to more than _____ hormone?
– Many Types
– 1
With the control of hormone secretions, release occurs in _____ burst?
Short
The control of hormone secretions are regulated by what steps?
– Signals from Nervous System
– Chemical Changes in Blood
– Other Hormones
Most signals from the nervous system are controlled by what type of feedback?
Negative
With chemical changes in blood, blood Ca2 affect _____ hormone release?
Parathyroid
Major link between nervous and endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus controls the _____ pituitary by releasing stimulating or inhibiting hormones through a series of _____ _____?
– Anterior
– Blood Vessels
The hypothalamus controls the _____ pituitary by a _____ contraction?
– Posterior
– Neural
Portions of the pituitary gland?
– Anterior
– Posterior
The pituitary gland is located in a depression in what bone?
Sphenoid Bone
The pituitary gland is attached to the?
Hypothalamus
What are the 7 anterior pituitary hormones?
– Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
– Thyroid – Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
– Follicle – Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
– Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
– Prolactin (PRL)
– Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
– Melanocyte – Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
What are the actions of hGH (human growth hormone)?
– Stimulates Protein Synthesis
– Produces ATP (fuel available for growth)
When hGH stimulates protein synthesis it maintains _____ & _____ mass?
– Muscle
– Bone
When hGH stimulates protein synthesis it promotes _____ of injuries, and _____ repair?
– Healing
– Tissue
When hGH produces ATP (fuel available for growth) it breaks down liver _____ and fats, increasing _____ _____ levels?
– Glycogen
– Blood Glucose
Disorders of hGH?
– Pituitary Dwarfism
– Giantism
Hyposecretion of hGH is what disorder?
Pituitary Dwarfism
Hypersecretion of hGH is what disorder?
Giantism
What does TSH stimulates?
Thyroid Gland
What does FSH stimulates?
Ovaries and Testis
What does LH stimulate?
Ovaries and Testis
What does PRL stimulate?
Milk Production
What does ACTH stimulates?
Adrenal Cortex
The posterior pituitary does not produce _____?
Hormones
The posterior pituitary only _____ and releases (secretes) _____ hormones?
– Stores
– 2
What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary release?
– Oxytocin (OT)
– Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
With the posterior pituitary, _____ from the hypothalamus control release of stored hormones?
Neurons
Oxytocin stimulates what?
– Muscle Contractions of the Uterus during Childbirth
– Milk Ejection" let down"
Oxytocin (OT) is controlled by what type of feedback?
Positive
With the posterior pituitary when do ADH levels increase?
During Dehydration
During dehydration _____ retain more water, decreasing _____ production?
– Kidneys
– Urine
During dehydration, you have _____ sweating?
Decreased
During dehydration _____ _____ constrict, increasing blood pressure?
Blood Vessels
What problem would you have if you had defects in ADH secretion or receptors with high urine output?
Diabetes Insipidus
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Inferior to Larynx (voice box)
The thyroid gland structure contains what 2 types of cells?
– Follicular Cells
– Parafollicular Cells
With the thyroid gland, follicular cells produce what?
– Triiodothyronine (T3)
– Thyroxine (T4)
With the thyroid gland, parafollicular cells produce what?
Calcitonin (CT)
What are the thyroid hormone functions?
– Increase Metabolic Rate (T3 & T4) (thyroxine)
– Decreases "Tones Down" Blood Ca2+ (calcitonin)
With thyroid hormone functions, what increases metabolic rate?
T3& T4 (thyroxine)
With T3& T4(thyroxine) it increases metabolic rate, and _____ is used by cells?
Oxygen
Disorders with T3 and T4?
– Myxedema
– Graves' Disease
Hypothyroidism, decreased heart rate and respiratory rate, and low body temperature is what disorder?
Myxedema
Hyperthyroidism, increased heart rate and respiratory rate is what disorder?
Graves' Disease
Decreased heart and respiratory rate and low body temperature is what?
Hypothyroidism
Increased heart and respiratory rate is what?
Hyperthyroidism
With thyroid hormone function, what decreases " tones down" blood Ca2+?
Calcitonin
When calcitonin decreases blood Ca2+, it _____ osteoclast activity, and _____ remains in the bone?
– Inhibits
– Calcium
Does calcitonin strengthened or weakened bones?
Strengthens
Calcitonin is commonly used to treat what?
Osteoporosis
Calcitonin is controlled by _____ _____ levels?
Blood Ca2+
Calcitonin is antagonistic to what hormone?
Parathyroid
The parathyroid gland is located where?
Posterior to Thyroid Gland
The parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases what?
Blood Ca2+
When PTH increases blood Ca2+ it _____ osteoclast activity and break down _____?
– Stimulates
– Bone
When PTH increases blood Ca2+, it _____ Ca2+, loss in urine?
Slows
When PTH increases blood Ca2+, it stimulates production of _____?
Calcitriol (active form of vitamin D)
When PTH increases blood Ca2+, it stimulates production of calcitriol, and increases Ca2+ absorption in the _____ _____?
GI Tract
Where is the pancreas located?
Posterior to Stomach
The pancreas is both an _____ and _____ organ?
– Exocrine
– Endocrine
With the pancreas what are the 2 types of endocrine cells (pancreatic islets)?
– Alpha Cells
– Beta Cells
What type of endocrine cell produces glucagon?
Alpha Cells
What type of endocrine cell produce insulin?
Beta Cells
With pancreatic islets, low blood glucose stimulates _____ release?
Glucagon
With pancreatic islets, glucagon stimulates _____breakdown, increasing _____ _____?
– Glycogen
– Blood Glucose
With pancreatic islets, high blood glucose stimulates _____ release?
Insulin
With pancreatic islets, and high blood glucose insulin stimulates glycogen _____ by permitting glucose into liver cells, _____ blood glucose?
– Synthesis
– Decreasing
Insulin stimulates excessive _____ to produce _____?
– Glycogen
– Fat
Pancreatic islets disorder, and most common endocrine disorder is what?
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is the inability to _____ or _____ insulin and blood glucose levels increase "spilling" into _____?
– Produce
– Use
– Urine
Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia are _____ of diabetes mellitus?
Hallmarks
What are the 2 types of diabetes mellitus?
– Type I
– Type II
Which type of diabetes mellitus is autoimmune and beta cells are destroyed?
Type I
Which type of diabetes mellitus is most common, and controlled by diet, exercise, and weight loss?
Type II
Which type of diabetes mellitus is most non-insulin dependent, and target cells become less sensitive to insulin?
Type II
Where is the adrenal (suprarenal) glands located?
Superior to Kidneys
What are the 2 regions of the adrenal gland?
– Outer Cortex
– Inner Medulla
Which of the 2 regions of the adrenal gland has 3 zones and all produce steroids?
Outer cortex
What are all the 3 zones of the outer cortex of the adrenal gland?
– Outer
– Middle
– Inner
What zone of the outer cortex of the adrenal gland has mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)?
Outer
What zone of the outer cortex of the adrenal gland has glucocorticoids (cortisol)?
Middle
What zone of the outer cortex of the adrenal gland has androgens (testosterone)?
Inner
Mineralocorticoids?
Aldosterone
Glucocorticoids?
Cortisol
Androgens?
Testosterone
RAA stands for?
Renin – Angiotension – Aldosterone
With the RAA pathway a dehydrated state stimulates RAA to produce _____?
Aldosterone
A dehydrated state stimulates RAA to produce aldosterone an increase _____ and _____ reabsorption (retention) from urine and to blood?
– Na+ (sodium)
– H2O
A dehydrated state stimulates RAA to produce aldosterone and increases _____ (_____) of K+ (potassium) into urine?
-Excretion
-Removal
A dehydrated state stimulates RAA to produce aldosterone and _____ blood volume and blood pressure?
Increases
Glucocorticoid (cortisol) increases blood _____ during stress?
Glucose
Glucocorticoid (cortisol) has what effect?
Anti-inflammatory
Glucocorticoid (cortisol) suppresses?
Immune system
Glucocorticoid (cortisol) suppresses immune system for organ _____?
Transplants
Glucocorticoid (cortisol) disorders?
– Cushing's Syndrome
– Addison's Disease
What glucocorticoid disorder has hypersecretion of cortisol and causes hyperglycemia and weight gain?
Cushing's Syndrome
What glucocorticoid disorder has hyposecretion of cortisol and causes hypoglycemia and weight loss?
Addison's Disease
With androgens, males and females secrete _____ amounts?
Small
After _____, all female estrogens come from adrenal _____?
– Menopause
– Androgens
The adrenal medulla is the _____ portion of adrenal glands?
Inner
The adrenal medulla enhances _____ nervous system?
Sympathetic
When the adrenal medulla enhances the sympathetic nervous system it releases _____ and _____?
– Epinephrine
– Norepinephrine
When the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine it _____ heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate?
Increases
When the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine it increases blood glucose for _____ production?
ATP
Ovaries and testis produce _____?
Gametes (sperm & eggs)
With ovaries and testis males have?
Testosterone
With ovaries and testis females have?
– Estrogen
– Progesterone
The pineal gland is located where?
Brain
The pineal gland produces _____ and promotes _____?
– Melatonin
– Sleep
Pineal gland disorder?
(SAD) Seasonal Affective Disorder
Sad is a type of _____, when theres an overproduction of melatonin?
Depression
The stress response occurs during _____ or _____ _____ stresses (disturbances)?
– Extreme
– Long-Lasting
What are the 3 stages of stress response?
– Initial (fight or flight)
– Resistance
– Exhaustion
With stress responses, the initial (fight or flight) stage has what type of response?
Sympathetic Response
With stress responses, the resistant stage has what type of response?
Endocrine Response
With stress responses, exhaustion may result in _____ if the stress continues?
Death