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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which system is known as the secondary control system of the body?
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The Endocrine System
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Which of the body's other systems contols the endocrine system?
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The nervous system
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What differentiates an endocrine gland from other glands in the body?
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endocrine glands have no ducts;hormones are released directly into the bloodsteam for possible systemic effect
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Example of whole organ that is an endocrine gland
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Pancreas
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Example of organ that is partly endocrine
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kidney
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The desired receptor for the specific hormone being released
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target tissue
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-Chemicals produced by a gland
-regulate the speed of a specific activity in a cell |
hormones
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hormone slowing down a cellular process
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inhibit
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Hormone speeding up a cellular process
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stimulate
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what are the two different types of hormone divided by structure
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-Steroids
-Protein hormones |
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what is the structure of a steroid and give some examples
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-lipid based hormones
-Cortisol,estrogen, testosterone |
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How does a steroid get into the cells of its target tissue?
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the lipid based hormone can get directly through the phospholipid bylayer of the plasma membrane
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what process do steroids stimulate in the cell?
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protein synthesis to create ensymes and building blocks
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Where does transcription occur in the cell?
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within the nucleus
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where does translation occur in the cell?
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in the ribosomes
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What is the structure of protein based hormones and give some examples?
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-Amino acid based
-thyroxin,oxytocin,insulin |
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What structure within the nucleus do steroids use during protein synthesis?
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DNA
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What is the pathway of a protein hormone for its activation of a cell
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hormone is received by glycoprotien on surface of cell, this triggers the release of the G-protein,theis triggers the cAMP,cAMP triggers the specific enzyme
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where does oxytocin come from and what is its target tissue?
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-Posterior pituitary
-uterus and mamory glands |
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What is the main function of the Endocrine system
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It maintains homeostasis
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how are hormones transported and where are they transported to
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they are transported by the blood and taken to their target cell
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define Target Cell/organ
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The Cell or organ that have the receptors for that specific hormone
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define receptor
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glycoprotein in cell membrane that combines with specific hormone and triggers activity in cell.
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What are the functions of hormones
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regulate the rate of an activity of target cell
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what are the two methods of action of how the hormone get its message to the cell
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-2nd Messenger Theory(fixed-membrane-receptor mechanism)
-Gene Activation(mobile-receptor mechanism) |
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Which method of action do Protein hormones utilize?
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2nd Messenger Theory- they are not soluble in lipids therefore can't pass through the membrane.
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Which method of action do steroids use?
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Gene Activation- they are lipid based and can pass through the membrane easily.
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What is the chain of events involved in the Gene Activation method of hormone reaction in a cell?
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Steroid enters cell and combines with receptor in nucleus-activates gene-transcription-mRNA-ribosome-translation-specific enzyme produced-catalyzes specific reaction
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What methods of control are used to determine the secretion of hormones?
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Negative feedback and Positive feedback
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what is negative feedback?
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The inverse relationship between desired effect and production of hormones. Most hormones regulated this way.
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What is positive feedback?
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An increase in hormone causes a direct increase in the secretion of the same hormone.
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Give some example of a hormone that is regulated by negative feedback.
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ADH, Testosterone, Estrogen, Cortico Steroids
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Give some example of a hormone that is regulated by positive feedback
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Oxytocin,
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name the gland located inferior to the hypothalamus within the sella turcica.
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The Pituitary Gland
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Name the two sections of the Pituitary gland.
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the Anterior pituitary(Adenohypophysis) and the Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
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What kind of tissue does the Adenohypophysis derive from in the embryo?
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it derives from endoderm the same as other gland in the body.
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What are Regulating factors?
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the chemicals released by the hypothalamus that tells the Adenohypophysis when to release or inhibit the release hormones.
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What are the two different types of regulating factors released by the Hypothalamus?
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Inhibiting Factors and Releasing Factors
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What is the function of the inhibiting factors released by the hypothalamus.
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the inhibiting factors inhibit the release of their specific hormone by the adenohypophosis.
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What is the function of releasing factors released by the hypothalamus?
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the releasing factors stimulate the release of their specific hormone by the adenohypophosis.
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List the steps that take place when a hormone is release by the adenohypophysis.
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Hypothalamus-releases regulating factors-carried through blood vessels to adenohypophysis-specific hormone is release or inhibited-it travels in blood to target cell.
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give an example of a hormone and its regulating factors.
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Prolactin-Prolactin Inhibiting Factor-Prolactin Releasing Factor
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How many hormones are produced by the Adenohypophysis.
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Seven hormones.
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Name the hormones from the Adenohypophysis that have non-endocrine targets.
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Human Growth Hormone-Prolactin-Melanocyte-Stimulating hormone.
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Name the function and target tissue of Human Growth Hormone (HGH)
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Bones, Muscles, Liver, Cartilage. It stimulates somatic growth.
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What happens when not enough HGH is release during development?
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Pituitary Dwarfism in Children.
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What happens when too much HGH is released during development?
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Gigantism in Children and acromegaly in adults.
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Name the function and target tissue of Prolactin?
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Mamary glands-stimulates production of milk after childbirth.
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Name the function and target tissue of Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
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Melanocytes(pigmented cells in skin)-Stimulate production of melanin (darker Skin) to protect DNA from the effects of the sun.
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Name the Hormones released by the Adenohypophysis with Endocrine Targets (Tropic Hormones)
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone(TSH)-Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)-Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH)-Luteinizing Hormone(LH)
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Name the function and target tissue of Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH).
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Thyroid Gland-Stimulates production of thyroxin (controls metabolism/other organs)
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Name the function and target tissue of Adrenocorticotropic Horone (ACTH)
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Cortex of adrenal gland-stimulates production of glucocorticoids.
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Name the function and target tissue of follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH)in the female.
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Ovaries-Stimulates growth of follicle and production of ovum and the production of estrogen.
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Name the function and target tissue of Follicle Stimulating Hormone in the male.
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testes-Stimulates growth and production of sperm.
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Name the function and target tissue of Luteinizing hormone (LH) in the female.
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Ovary-stimulates release of the egg (ovulation).
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Name the function and target tissue of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in the male.
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Interstitial cells of the Testis-Stimulates production of testosterone.
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What is the Latin name for the Posterior Lobe of pituitary.
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Neurohypophysis
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What kind of tissue did the Neurohypophysis originate from in the embryo.
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The neurohypophysis derived from the ectoderm which is the tissue that other nervous tissue derived from.
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How the hypothalamus control the Posterior pituitary?
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Hypothalamus-nerve impulse-posterior pituitary-releases hormones-blood vessels-target cells.
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what are two hormones released by the posterior pituitary?
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Oxytocin-Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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