The Endocrine System

Front 1

What are some properties of the Endocrine System?

Back 1

Regulates long term metabolic processes, growth, and reproduction by releasing hormones from endocrine cells.

Front 2

How do hormones work?

Back 2

Hormones are secreted into the blood and act on targeted cells according to negative feed back.

Hint 2

Tend to be slower than nerve responses. Target cells must have a receptive site for the hormone.

Front 3

What are the characteristics of target cells?

Back 3

Response is determined by the cell, some cells respond differently to the same hormone. Some cells may react to several hormones.

Front 4

What are the 3 chemical families of hormones?

Back 4

Amines, Peptides and Proteins, and Steroids.

Front 5

What are target cells?

Back 5

Peripheral cells that can respond to specific hormones.

Front 6

What is a hormone receptor?

Back 6

A Protein in the target cell membrane which a hormone binds in order to elicit a certain response from the target cell.

Front 7

What are Amines?

Back 7

Type of hormone derived from tyrosine or tryptophan.

Front 8

What are peptides and proteins?

Back 8

Type of hormones derived from chains of amino acids.

Front 9

What are steroids.

Back 9

Type of hormone that are lipid soluble.

Why is this significan?

Hint 9

It allows steroids to move right through the lipid membrane of cells.

Front 10

What are lipophilic hormones?

Back 10

Hormones that move right through the plasma membrane.

What is their target and what is it called.

Hint 10

Their target is the nucleus and this is called genomic action, they effect DNA transcription.

Front 11

Where are receptors for water soluble hormones?

Back 11

On the surface of the target cell.

What do they involve and what is the effect of it?

Hint 11

They act through second messengers and tend to be quicker.

Front 12

What are the properties of Intracellular Receptors?

Back 12

They are located in the cytoplasm or nucleus, targeted by steroid and thyroid hormones.

Front 13

What are the 3 types of stimuli that help control the endocrine system?

Back 13

Humoral(fluid) Stimuli,
Hormonal Stimuli,
Neural Stimuli.

Front 14

What are the 3 mechanisms of the Hypothalamus that help control the endocrine system?

Back 14

1.)Acts as a an endocrine gland and secretes hormones
2.)Secretes regulatory hormones to control pituitary gland.
3.)Directly controls the adrenal medullae.

Front 15

How many important hormones does the pituitary gland release?

Back 15

Nine.

What are their characteristics?

Hint 15

They are all peptide hormones which means they bind to membrane receptors.

Front 16

How is the anterior pituitary gland controlled?

Back 16

By regulatory hormones secreted from the hypothalamus.

How is it regulated?

Hint 16

Through negative feedback.

Front 17

What is the Hypophyseal Portal System?

Back 17

Responsible for transporting regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland.

Front 18

What are the 6 Trophic Hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary gland?

Back 18

Thyroid-Stimulating,
Adrenocorticotropic,
Follicle-Stimulating,
Luteinizing,
Prolactin,
Growth hormone.

Front 19

What do Trophic Hormones do?

Back 19

They maintain the size/growth of their targets.

Front 20

What is the process of the anterior pituitary gland?

Back 20

Hypothalamus releases a hormone that causes the anterior pit gland to relase a hormone(1) which targets an endocrine organ which releases a hormone(2) which effects a target cell.

Front 21

How does the posterior pituitary gland work?

Back 21

Releases hormones from hypothalamic axons(axons from the hypothalamus).

What are the 2 Hormones the posterior pit produce?

Hint 21

Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH) and Oxytocin.

Front 22

What is the importance of ADH?

Back 22

It reduces the water lost in urine as well as creating thirstiness.

Front 23

What is the importance of Oxytocin?

Back 23

Stimulates uterine contraction in womon, and contraction of the smooth muscles in the prostate of men.

Front 24

What is the anatomy of the thyroid gland?

Back 24

Consists of two lobes below the larynx and is extremely vascular.

Front 25

Where are thyroid follicles located and what do they do?

Back 25

They're located in the thyroid gland and act to produce, store, and release thyroid hormones.

Front 26

What are the 2 forms of thyroid hormones?

Back 26

T4 and T3.

What is required to produce thyroid hormones?

Hint 26

Iodine.

Front 27

What are the functions of thyroid hormones?

Back 27

To increase metabolism and heat production.

Why are thyroid hormones required?

Hint 27

For normal growth and development.

Front 28

What happens in people who are idiodine insufficient?

Back 28

Few T4 and T3 are made which inhibits negative feedback, pituitary then produces excess TSH and causes the Thyroid to hypertrophy.

What does this result in?

Hint 28

Thyroid gland grows too large and produces a goiter.

Front 29

What are C cells?

Back 29

Parafollicular cells scattered outside of the thyroid.

What triggers them and what is the result?

Hint 29

Triggered by high [Ca] in the blood which causes the secretion of calcitonin.

Front 30

What does calcitonin do?

Back 30

Lowers blood [Ca]

How does it do this?

Hint 30

By storing it in bones and increasing urinary calcium loss.

Front 31

What triggers parathyroid hormone and what does it do?

Back 31

Low blood [Ca], breaks down bone to raise [Ca] as well as absorbing more calcium from digestion and preventing urine loss.

Front 32

What is the anatomy of the adrenal gland?

Back 32

Lies superior to the kidneys and consists of 2 parts.

What are the 2 parts?

Hint 32

Adrenal cortex(inside) and the Adrenal Medulla(outside).

Front 33

What does the adrenal cortex do?

Back 33

Makes steroid types of hormones.

What are the two types it creates?

Hint 33

Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

Front 34

What does the adrenal medulla do?

Back 34

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

When are they secreted?

Hint 34

When stimulated by the axons of preganglionic nerve fibers.

Front 35

Where is the Pancreas Located?

Back 35

Behind the stomach and underneath the Liver.

What types of cells does it contain?

Hint 35

Endocrine as well as Exocrine.

Front 36

How are the endocrine cells organized in the Pancreas?

Back 36

Clumped up into the Islets of Langerhans.

What is their significance in the pancreas?

Hint 36

Secrets Insulin which is produced by beta cells and Glucagon which are produced on alpha cells.

Front 37

What do Exocrine cells of the pancreas do?

Back 37

Secrete enzyme rich digestive fluid.

Front 38

What is the importance of Insulin?

Back 38

Lowers the amount of glucose in the blood by increase glucose uptake and storage of target cells.

What are the target cells?

Hint 38

Liver, muscles, and fat cells.

Front 39

What is the importance of glucagon?

Back 39

Raises blood glucose concentration by increasing glycogen breakdown and synthesis.

What are the target cells?

Hint 39

Liver cells.

Front 40

Where is the Pineal gland located and what type of hormone does it release?

Back 40

In the brain near the thalamus which releases melatonin.

What is the importance of melatonin?

Hint 40

Secreted at night which regulates sleep/wake cycles.