The Endocrine Glands

Front 1

Hormones that are transported in the blood to reach target cells are called _______.

Back 1

endocrine

Front 2

Associated with the autonomic nervous system are _________ that elaborate a variety of peptide hormones.

Back 2

Paranganglia

Front 3

The pituittary gland is positioned in the sella turcica at the base of the skull and is contained of what two separate glands? What composes them?

Back 3

-Anterior pituitary: aka adenohypophysis; made up of pars distalis, pars intermedia and parts tuberalis

-posterior pituitary: aka pars nervosa; made up of infundibular stem/ stalk and median eminence

Front 4

-_________: aka adenohypophysis; made up of pars distalis, pars intermedia and parts tuberalis

-_________: aka pars nervosa; made up of infundibular stem/ stalk and median eminence

Back 4

anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary

Front 5

Anterior Pituitary: Pars Distalis (what 6 hormones does it produce?)

Back 5

-releases growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)

Front 6

Anterior Pituitary: Pars Distalis (what 5 cell types composes it and what hormones do they produce? Which ones are considered Acidophils/ basophils?)

Back 6

Acidophils

-Somatotrophs (GH)

-Lactorophs (PRL)

Basophils

-Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)

-Corticotrphs (ACTH)

-Thyrotrophs (TSH)

Front 7

Acidophils of Pars Distalis (Anterior pituitary)

Back 7

-somatotrophs (GH)

-Lactotrophs (PRL)

Front 8

Basophils of Pars Distalis (Anterior Pituitary)

Back 8

-Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)

-Corticotrophs (ACTH)

-Thyrotrophs (TSH)

Front 9

What allows for rapid response in the pars distalis?

Back 9

The fenestrated endothelial cells of PD's capillary network; it allows rapid passage of hormones and enables diffusion towards cells releasing factors transported via hypophyseal portal system

Front 10

Pars Tuberalis of Anterior Pituitray

Back 10

-a collar of cells around the infundibular stalk

-leads from capillaries from median hypothalamic eminence to the pars distalis

-provides vascular linkage between hypothalamic neurons and endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary

Front 11

Pars Tuberalis of Anterior Pituitray releases what hormones?

Back 11

TSH-releasing Hormone (TRH)

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

inhibitory factors: somatostatin and dopamin

NOTE: provides vascular linkage between hypothalamic neurons and endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary

Front 12

Blood leaves the anterior and posterior pituitary via small ___________.

Back 12

Hypophyseal veins

Front 13

Par Intermedia of the Anterior Pituitary

Back 13

-poorly developed

-contains colloidal cysts

-produce melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), a secondary product of POMC (proopiomelanocortin) from which ACTH derives

Front 14

Posterior Pituitary (Pars Nevosa)

Back 14

-releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) and oxytocin

-composed of unmeylinated cells

-contains nuclei pituicytes and neurosecretory vesicles

-contains Herring Bodies and nuceli of pituicytes

Front 15

Nuclei w/in the posterior pituitary are the _________, which are supportive astrocyte-like glial cells (don't produce hormones).

Back 15

nuclei of pituicytes

Front 16

Herring's bodies

Back 16

Neurosecretory vesicles within bulbous structures that axons of the posterior pituitary (pars nervosa) extend into

Front 17

The thyroid gland

Back 17

-multi-lobed gland made of a series of follicles, surrounding by a colloid

-cells between the follicles produce calcitonin

-its epithelium secretes thyroglobulin, which generates they thyroid hormones

Front 18

Blood supply to the thyroid is via the _____________ (from the thyrocervical trunk) and the _________ (from the external carotid artery). Drainage is from the ________ (to the subclavian vein) and the ____________ (to the jugular vein)

Back 18

-inferior thyroid artery

-superior thyroid artery

-inferior thyroid artery

-superior thyroid vein

Front 19

What generates the thyroid hormones? Where is it produced

Back 19

thyroglobulin; produced in thyroid's epithelium

Front 20

Thyroglobulin

Back 20

-rich in tyrosine residues

-generates the thyroid hormones

-produced in thyroid's epithelium

-the sites of iodination and modification to generate the thyroid hormones

Front 21

Colloid

Back 21

the central chamber of follicles within the thyroid gland; it's the storage site for thyroid's hormones

Front 22

Vasculatrion around thyroid's follicles enables what?

Back 22

iodide pumping from the blood and conversion to iodine to release thyroid hormones into the blood

Front 23

C-cells

Back 23

-Calcitonin

-decreases release of calcium from bones (down regulates osteoclastic activity)

-acts oppositely to parathyroid hormone (which increases calcium levels in blood)

-produced by follicles of thyroid glands

Front 24

What are the 3 main cell types of parathyroid glands?

Back 24

-Chief Cell- produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)

-Oxyphil Cells- contains mitochondria

-Adipose Cells

Front 25

PTH

Back 25

-produced by chief cells w/in the parathyroid gland

-increases osteoclast release of Ca++

-increases Ca++ uptake in the GI tract and kidney

Front 26

The adrenal gland houses what 2 organs?

Back 26

-the cortex and medulla

Front 27

Vascularization of Adrenal Gland (6 steps)

Back 27

-uperior/ middle/ inferior suprarenal arteries>

-short cortical arteries >

-outer subcapsular arterial plexus>

-medullary region>

-central medullary vein>

-supraarenal vein>

Front 28

The cortex of the adrenal gland

Back 28

-produces/ releases steroids; high lipid count

-composed of 3 layers: Zona glomerulosa, Z faciculata & Z reticularis

-produces mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol) and Androgens

Front 29

Zona Glomerulosa, Z. fasciculata & Z reticularis produces what hormones

Back 29

FROM OUTER TO INNER CORTEX LAYER

Z. Glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Z. fasciculata- glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Z. reticularis- androgens

Front 30

Which layers of the of the cortex of the adrenal gland are regulated by ACTH and angiotensin system?

Back 30

FROM OUTER TO INNER CORTEX LAYER

*Z. Glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

$Z. fasciculata- glucocorticoids (cortisol)

$Z. reticularis- androgens

*AS

$ACTH

Front 31

Mitochondria of the Cortex layer of the adrenal gland have tubular cristae characteristic of __________ cells.

Back 31

steroidogenic

NOTE: The cortex produces/ releases steroids; high lipid count

Front 32

The medulla of the Adrenal Gland (describe/ what hormones?

Back 32

-AA derived hormones

-epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenalin) and enkephalins

-arranged as venous channels/ sinusoids that drain toward the central medullary vein

-under sympathetic/ parasympathetic control

Front 33

T/F: The cortext of adrenal gland is involved with AA derived hormones while the medulla is involved in steroid/ high lipid count

Back 33

False;

Medulla= AA derived Hormones

Cortex= steroid/ high lipid count