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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most abundant electrolyte in the body?
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Calcium
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How many cations does it carry?
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2
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What is Calcium's Functions?
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1. It serves as a catalyst for transmitting nerve impulses
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What is Calcium's Functions?
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2. Regulates heart rate and B/P
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What is the most abundant electrolyte in the body?
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Calcium
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How many cations does it carry?
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2
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What is Calcium's Functions?
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1. It serves as a catalyst for transmitting nerve impulses
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What is Calcium's Functions?
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2. Regulates heart rate and B/P
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What is a function of Calcium?
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Blood coagulation, muscle contraction
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What are some of the functions of calcium?
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Muscle tone, B12 absorption, Promotes strong bones and teeth.
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Where is Calcium found?
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In the ICF and ECF
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What is the % of calcium in bones and teeth?
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99%
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50% of calcium is bound to what?
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Albumin
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How much free (ionized) calcium is there?
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40%
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10% of calcium is bound to ____
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Non- Proteins
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What are the normal levels for calcium?
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Total = 9-11 mg/dl
Ionized = 4.5-5.5 |
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When Calcium increases, phosphorous________
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decreases
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How much Calcium is absorbed in the GI tract?
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40%
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What helps the absorption of Calcium?
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Vitamin D
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How much Calcium should you get each day?
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1-1.2 gms/day
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Where is 99% of Calcium deposited and why?
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The Bone. So that calcium is easily mobilized to keep the serum levels constant.
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Where is Calcium excreted?
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The kidneys
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Define Hypercalcemia
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Calcium level higher than 5.5 mEq/L (11mg/dl)
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What is the cause of 2/3 of all cases of hypercalcemia?
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Hyper-parathyroidism
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What are some of the other causes of hypercalcemia?
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Malignant neoplastic disease, Thiazide diuretic therapy, increased antacids (rare) Metabolic acidosis, Prolong immobilization (reabsorption from the bone)
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What happens when the PTH level is increased?
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Increased urinary calcium excretion and decreased calcium serum levels
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What do high calcium levels do to renal calculi?
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Increases the renal calculi formation
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What does hypercalcemia do to sodium and what is the effect on skeletal muscle?
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Blocks sodium and decreases the excitability by slowing smooth muscle activity and slowing the nerve impulse.
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What are mild symptoms of hypercalcemia?
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No mild symptoms
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1.What are moderate s/s of hypercalcemia?
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A calcium level of 6.2 mEq or 13 mg/dl; Muscle weakness, Renal calculi, constipation, anorexia, n/v, lethargy, decreased memory/attention, EKG changes
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What are the severe manifestations of severe hypercalcemia?
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50% mortality if over 7.1 (15); confusion or coma; cardiac arrest; frank psychosis;
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What is the medical management of hypercalcemia?
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1. Correct the cause; 2. Restore levels by promoting excretion of excess; 3. Decrease recurrance 4. Prevent/detect complications with renal calculi, and injury r/t confusion or bone loss
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1.What are the nursing interventions for hypercalcemia?
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1. Assess VS, bowel sounds, urine output q 1-8 hours (report < 30ml/2hr period)
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2.What are the nursing interventions for hypercalcemia?
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2. Maintain adequate hydration- FVE may occur
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3. What are the nursing interventions for hypercalcemia?
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3. Increase sodium intake to promote renal loss
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4. What are the nursing interventions for hypercalcemia?
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4. Prevent renal calculi by:
a. Force fluids (3000-4000 ml/day) b. Alkaline urine w/cranberry juice c. Prevent urinary stasis |
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5.What are the nursing interventions for hypercalcemia?
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5. Monitor cardiac status.
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What is a non-electrolyte?
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solute that does not break down in solvent
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what are the primary non-electrolytes?
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Urea, Creatinine, Glucose
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What is a Cation/
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A positively charged ion
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What is an anion/
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a negatively charged ion
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What is the relationship between anions and cations?
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They are equal in numbers
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What are the primary non-electrolytes?
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Urea, Creatinine, Glucose
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What is the relationship in the number of anions and cations?
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They are equal in numbers
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What charge is the ICF and ECF?
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They are neutral
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Where is sodium in relationship to the cell?
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It is outside of the cell
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Where is potassium in relationship to the cell?
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It is inside of the cell
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What do Hydrogen and bicarb do?
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They regulate acid-base
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What does Sodium do?
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It determines fluid placement
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What is important about potassium?
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It is cardiac function
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What do electrolytes regulate (the functions)?
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Body fluids, osmolality, acid-base balance
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What function do electrolytes do to the cns?
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They transmit nerve impulses
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What is the function of electrolytes in blood?
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Electrolytes clot blood
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What is the function of electrolytes with energy?
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Electrolytes generate ATP
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What is the favored US serum value expressed as?
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mEq/L
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What is the international standard for serum values?
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mmol/L
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What is the equivelant of mEq in mg, and what is the formula?
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1.2 x mEq = mg/dl
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How does solutes move through the ICS and ECS?
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They move to the area of lower concentration and to areas with opposite charge
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True or False- the Membrane must be permeable to the solute.
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True
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What are the methods of movement for solutes?
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Diffusion (simple or facilitated), active transport.
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What does active transport require?
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Energy
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What is another name for active transport?
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Uphill movement
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What is simple diffusion?
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The movement of solutes from higher to lower concentration.
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What is the concentration gradient?
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it causes movement and determines direction and amount of movement
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When does net movement stop?
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when concentration of solutes of gradient is equal in both areas.
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When is facilitated diffusion used?
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When the membrane is not permeable to the solute
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What does facilitated diffusion require, and what does it do?
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Facilitated diffusion requires a carrier molecule and it moves the solute from higher to lower concentration
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Is energy required with facilitated diffusion?
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No
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What is the movement in facilitated diffusion related to?
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FD is related to the concentration gradient
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What is active transport?
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It is the movement of solutes in the opposite direction across semi-permeable membrane
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Does active transport require energy?
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Yes
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What is the most familiar active transport?
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The Na+/K+ pump
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What is the normal value of Na+?
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135-145 mEq/L
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Where is 90% of total Na+ contained?
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In the ECF
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What is Na+ usually combined with?
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Cl-
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How does Na+ reflect an imbalance in water?
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1. Water excess or deficit
2. Na+ excess or deficit 3. Combination of both |
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Where sodium goes.....
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Water flows.
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What are the functions of Na+?
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1. Mantain neuromuscular activity
2. Regulation of Acid-Base balance |
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90% of osmolality is determined by....
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Na+
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What do imbalances in sodium result in?
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Osmolality changes
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What do osmolality changes result in?
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movement of fluid
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Na+ regulates extracellular activity in what ways?
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Fuid distribution, fluid volume, fluid osmolality
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How is Na+ regulated?
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by dietary intake and aldosterone and insensible water loss
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How much Na+ is actually needed?
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500 mg
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How much Na+ is actually consumed?
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6-15 g
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How is Na+ lost?
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In sweat, urine, and the GI tract.
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Which organ is the primary regulator of Na+?
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The kidneys
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What increases water reabsorption?
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ADH
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How does Aldosterone regulate Na+?
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Aldosterone is released or inhibited in response to changes in fluid volume levels.
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Kidneys excrete or retain Na+ in response to what?
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release of Aldosterone
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A decrease in the Renal flow causes what?
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The activation of the Renin-Angiotensin System.
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What does the RAS do?
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Causes vasoconstriction
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What happens when there is an increase in aldosterone secretion?
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there is increased sodium retention by the kidney
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