The Early Republic

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3/5 Compromise

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3/5 the total number of slaves in each state could count in population

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Alien & Sedition Acts

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1798 Federalist supported laws that permitted the President to expel foreigners, made it harder for immigrants to become citizens and allowed for citizens to be fined or jailed if they criticize the government

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Antifederalists

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people who opposed the Constitution & a strong national government

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Articles of the Confederation

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• Continental Congress wrote a national plan creating a loose alliance of the 13 independent states
• states sent delegates to Congress
• each state had one vote
• Congress could declare war, appoint military officers, coin money & deal with foreign affairs

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Bank of the US

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bank set up in 1791 to hold government deposits & to issue paper money to pay government bills

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Bill of Rights

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• written list of freedoms the government promises to protect
• natural rights
• first 10 amendments to the Constitution

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Branches of Government

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• legislative branch passes the laws
• judicial branch is a system of courts
• executive branch enforces the laws

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Constitutional Convention

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• goal was to revise the Articles of Confederation
• every state except Rhode Island sent representatives
• wrote an entirely new constitution

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Democratic Party

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• ensures that all people have the same rights
• political party led by Thomas Jefferson & favored by southern states
• feared centralized government
• supported states' rights
• opposed Hamilton's financial plan
• supported ties with France

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factions

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opposing groups within parties

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Federalist Papers

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series of essays by James Madison

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Foreign Policy & Isolationism

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Washington wanted to remain neutral in European conflicts but it was to hard to reinforce because US wanted to trade with other countries

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Great Compromise

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• proposed by Roger Sherman
• lower house called the House of Representatives & based on population
• upper house called the Senate & gives every state 2 representatives

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Hamilton's Plan

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• wanted to government to repay all of the federal & state debts
• buy up all the bonds issued by national & state governments & issue new bonds
• bankers & investors liked it

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Hamilton's Vision of America

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• strong federal government
• believed in national bank
• government should encourage manufacturing, trade
• encouraged growth of cities & merchant class
• loose interpretation of Constitution
• pro-British
• favored protective tariff

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Impact of French Revolution

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Americans supported it at first but it divided Americans after it became violent

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James Madison

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• leader of the Constitutional Convention
• called the Father of the Constitution

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Jefferson's Vision of America

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• believed people should have political power
• favored strong state governments
• emphasized farming
• strict interpretation of Constitution
• pro-French
• opposed national bank & protective tariff

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Judiciary Act

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1789 law that created the structure of the Supreme Court & set up a system of district courts & circuit courts for the nation

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Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions

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declarations passed in 1798 & 1799 that claimed that each state has the right to decide whether a federal law is constitutional

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National Debt

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total sum of money that a government owes to others

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Neutrality Proclamation

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1793 statement by President Washington that the US would not support or aid either France or Britain in their European conflict

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New Jersey Plan

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• called for a one house legislature where each state only had one vote
• national government with 3 branches

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NW Ordinance & Land Ordinance

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set up a system of settling the NW territories & governing them

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Precedents

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act or decision that sets an example for others to follow

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Republican Party

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• political party that believed in non-expansion of slavery
• comprised of Whigs, northern Democrats & Free-Soilers
• in defiance of slave powers

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Shay's Rebellion

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organized farmers in Massachusetts to prevent the state from taking farms for unpaid taxes or loans

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Slave Trade Compromise

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• northerners agreed Congress could not outlaw slavery for 20 years
• northerners agreed that no state could stop a fugitive slave from being returned to an owner who claimed the slave

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tariffs

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tax on foreign goods brought into a country

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Virginia Plan

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• proposed a strong national government with 3 branches
• 2 houses in the legislature with representatives based on population of the state

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Washington as President

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• set a 2 term limit
• chose well known leaders to head his cabinet
• chose John Jay as first Chief Justice of Supreme Court

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Washington's Farewell Address

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• advised Americans against becoming involved in European affairs
• did not object to foreign trade but did reject alliances that could drag the country into war

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Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation

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• weak national government
• nation's economy couldn't grow
• states didn't get along with each other
• other nations took advantage of the confusion

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Whiskey Rebellion

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1794 protest over a tax on all liquor made and sold in the US

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XYZ Affair

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1797 French attempt to bribe the US by demanding money before discussing French seizure of neutral American ships