The Digestive System Chpt 16

Front 1

List the components of the digestive tract + accesory organs

Back 1

mouth/pharynx/esophagus/stomach/small intestine/large intestine. ACCESORY ORGANS:liver/salivary glands/pancreas/gallbladder

Front 2

list 6 functions of the digestive system

Back 2

1.ingestion 2.mechanical digestion 3.chemical digestion 4.mixing & propelling movements 5.absorption 6.eliminination

Front 3

describe the general histology of the 4 layers (tunics) in the digestive tract wall.

Back 3

1.mucosa 2. submucosa 3. muscular layer 4.outer adventitia(above diaphragm) or serosa (below diaphragm)

Front 4

what type of nerves are located in the submucosa + muscular layer

Back 4

the nerve plexuses

Front 5

describe the features + functions of the oral cavity,

Back 5

oral cavity:LIPS+CHEEKS muscles covered with epithelium + lined with mucous membrane)PALATE: is the roof of mouth (anterior palate supported by +posterior palate no bony (is muscle + connective tissue).TONGUE:(is skeletal muscle/covered with papillae. tongue manipulates food on mouth, contains sensory receptors

Front 6

describe the features + functions of teeth

Back 6

there are 20 teeth(primary setthat fall out) + 32(teeth in the permanent set)incisors:sharp edges x biting. cuspids(have points x grasping + tearing)bicuspids+ molars(flat surfaces x grinding)each tooth has a crown+neck+root. enamel covers the crown.

Front 7

describe the features + functions:pharynx + esophagus

Back 7

PHARYNX: is passageway that transports food to the esophagus.it divides into:nasopharynx+oropharynx+laringopharynx. ESOPHAGUS is posterior to the trachea +anterior to vertebral column.the lower esophageal sphincter(or cardiac sphincter)controls the passage of food into the stomach

Front 8

name + describe the location of the 3 major types of salivary glands + describe the functions of saliva they produce

Back 8

parotid glands:anterior+inferior to the ear/submandibular glands:along the medial surface of mandible/sublingual glands are under tongue. SALIVA:contains water, mucus +amylase/cleanse +moisten+dissolves substances x taste+begins digestion of carbohydrates

Front 9

describe structure + histological features of stomach + role in digestion

Back 9

STOMACH is divided into:fundus+cardiac region+body+pyloric region.The mucosa lining has folds called rugae + there are 3 layers of smooth muscle in wall.Mucus cell produce mucus;parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid + intrinsic factor;chief cells secrete pepsinogen + endocrine cells secrete gastrin. The regulation of gastric secretions is divided into:cephalic-gastric-intestinal phases

Front 10

what is chyme = pyloric sphyncter

Back 10

semifluid mixture of food+ gastric juice that leaves the stomach. Pyloric sphincter: in relaxation, allows chyme to pass from the stomach into the small intestine.

Front 11

describe structure + histological features of small intestine+ roll in digestion

Back 11

the absorptive surface are of the small intestine is increased by plicae circulares, villi + microvilli.each villus contains blood capillary network + lymph capillary called a lacteal/small intestines is divided:duodenum(has mucous glands in the submucosa)+jejunum (hs numerous long villi)+ileum(large number of goblet cells).

Front 12

what kind of 2 hormones produce the small intestine?

Back 12

secretin(stimulates the pancreas)+cholecystokinin(stimulates the gallbladder + digestive enzymes from pancreas)

Front 13

cells in the small intestine produce:

Back 13

peptidase(acts on proteins)maltase+sucrase+lactase (act on dissacharides) lipase(acts on neutral fats)

Front 14

describe structure + histological features of large intestine

Back 14

mucosa of large intestine does not have villi but has a large number of goblet cells/the longitudinal muscle layer is limited to 3 bands called teniae coli. haustra +epiploic appendages are also characteristic.

Front 15

roll in digestion process of large intestine

Back 15

include absorption of water + electrolytes+ elimination of feces

Front 16

what are the accesory organs of digestion

Back 16

liver+gallblader+pancreas

Front 17

describe the structure + functions of liver

Back 17

liver is divided into right,left,caudate+quadrate lobes by the falciform ligament, inferior vena cava (IVC),gallblader,ligamentum venosum + ligamentum teres.The porta of the liver is where the hepatic artery + hepatic portal vein enter the liver+ the hepatic ducts exit.

Front 18

what are the functional units of the liver

Back 18

are the lobules with sinusoids that carry blood from the periphery to the central vein of the lobule.Blood is brought to the liver by the hepatic portal vein + hepatic artery. the blood from both vessels flows through the sinusoids into the central vein. Central veins merge to form the hepatic veins, which drain into the inferior vena cava.

Front 19

some of the numerous functions of the liver are

Back 19

include secretion, synthesis of bile salts, synthesis of plasma proteins, storage, detoxification, excretion, carbohaydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism + filtering blood

Front 20

what are the main components of the bile produced by the liver

Back 20

water, bile salts, bile pigments + cholesterol. biles salts act as emulsifying agents in the digestion + absorption of fats.

Front 21

what is the principal bile pgiment of the liver

Back 21

bilirubin which is formed fro mthe breakdown of hemoglobin. cholesterol + bile pigments are ecreted from the body in the bile.

Front 22

describe the structure + functions of gallbladder

Back 22

gallbladder is attached to the visceral surface of the liver by the cystic duct, which joins the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. the common bile duct empties into the duodenum. the gallbladder stores + concentrates the bile

Front 23

describe the structure + functions of pancreas

Back 23

pancreas is retroperitoneal along the posterior body wall + extends from the duodenum to the spleen. most of the pancreas is exocrine + composed of acinar cells, which produce digestive enzymes. the islets of langerhansare endocrine + produce insulin + glucagon. pancreatic enzymes include amylase which acts on starch;trypsin, which acts on proteins; peptidase, which acts on peptides; + lipase, which acts on lipids.the hormone secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete a bicarbonate rich fluid; cholecystokinin stimulates the production of pancreatic enzymes.

Front 24

summarize carbohydrate by writing equations that show the intermediate + final products + the enzymes that facilitate the digestive process

Back 24

CARBOHYDRATE are 1st broken down into dissacharides by amylase. Dissacharides are then broken down into monosaccharides by sucrase, maltase + lactase. the end products of carbohydrate digestion are monosaccharides glucose, fructose + galactose

Front 25

summarize protein by writing equations that show the intermediate + final products + the enzymes that facilitate the digestive process

Back 25

pepsin + trypsin break proteins into shorter chains called peptides. Peptidase breaks peptides into amino acids. The end products of protein digestion are amino acids.

Front 26

summarize lipid digestion by writing equations that show the intermediate + final products + the enzymes that facilitate the digestive process

Back 26

fats are first emulsified by bile. Lipase acts on emulsified fats + breaks them down into monoglycerides + free fatty acids. Monoglycerides + free fatty acids are the end products of lipid digestion.

Front 27

COMPARE absorption of simple sugars + amino acids with that of lipid-related molecules.

Back 27

most nutrient absorption takes place in the jejunum/water is abosrbed by osmosis in all regions/simple sugars + amino acids are absorbed into the blood capillaries in the villi of the small intestine, then transported to the liver in the hepatic portal vein./fatty acids, monoglycerides + fat soluble vitamins enter the lacteals in the villi of the small intestine + circulate in the lymph until the lymph enters the left subclavian vein

Front 28

NAME IN sequence the regions of the digestive tract

Back 28

mouth, pharynx, exophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Front 29

what 5 activities of the digestive system prepare nutrients x use by the body

Back 29

ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, movements through the tube + absorption

Front 30

name in sequence starting with the innermost the 4 layers in the wall of the digestive tract

Back 30

the 4 layers of the digestive tract wall, in sequence from innermost to outermost are the mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer + serous layer

Front 31

what are the submucosal + myenteric plexuses?

Back 31

the submucosal or Meissner plexus is a nerve's plexus in the submucosa in the digestive tract/the myenteric or Auerbach's plexus is a nerve's plexus in the muscular layer

Front 32

where are the hard + soft palates located? what is the difference in structure between them?

Back 32

hard + soft palate form the roof of the mouse + separate the nasal cavity from the oral cavity. the hard palate is supported by bone/ soft palate is entirely soft tissue

Front 33

what type of muscle makes up the substance of the tongue?

Back 33

skeletal muscle

Front 34

what is another name for primary teeth? how many teeth are in this set?

Back 34

deciduous teeth and are 20 teeth

Front 35

what 4 types of teeth, based on shape, arfound in the secondary teeth?

Back 35

incisors/cuspids or canine/bicuspids or premolar/molars

Front 36

what substance covers the crown of a tooth?

Back 36

enamel

Front 37

where is the largest salivary gland located

Back 37

parotid and is located between the skin + masseter muscle just anterior + inferior to the ear

Front 38

what enzyme is found in saliva

Back 38

parotid gland produces salivary amylase

Front 39

what is the fauces

Back 39

ist the opening from the oral cavity into the oropharynx

Front 40

where is the lower esophageal sphincter located? what is another name for this structure?

Back 40

is a circular band of muscle at the lower end of the esophagus where it opens into the stomach. it is also called the cardiac sphincter

Front 41

what are the 4 regions of the stomach?

Back 41

cardiac region (around openning x esophagus) + fundus + body (main portion) + pyloric region (just before entering the small intestine)

Front 42

how does the muscular layer of the stomach differ from that in other regions of the digestive tract?

Back 42

in most regions of the digestive tract are 2 muscular layers, an inner circular layer + an outer longitudinal layer. the stomach has 3 layers. an oblique layer is internal to the other 2 layers

Front 43

name the type of cell that produces a)pepsinogen b)hydrochloric acid c)gastrin d)intrinsic factor

Back 43

chief cells/parietal cells/endocrine cells/parietal cells

Front 44

what hormone + what cranial nerve are involved in regulating gastric juice secretion?

Back 44

the hormone gastrin + cranial nerve X vagus regulates gastric juice secretion

Front 45

what sphincter relaxes to allow chyme to pass from the stomach into the small intestine?

Back 45

the phyloric sphincter relaxes to allow chyme to pass from stomach

Front 46

what 3 features of the small intestine increase its absorptive surface area?

Back 46

plicae circularis, villy + microvilli increase the absorptive area of the small intestine

Front 47

chyme first enters what part of the small intestine? secretions from what 2 glands also enter this region?

Back 47

chyme enters the duodenum from the stomach. secretions from the gallbladder + pancreas also enter this region of thesmall intestine

Front 48

which region of the has a) the longest villi b) an opening x the cystic duct c)the most goblet cells d) an opening x the pancreatic duct e) mucous glands in the submucosa?

Back 48

a)jejunum b)duodenum c)ileum d)duodenum e)duodenum

Front 49

what is the function of a) maltase b)peptidase c) secretin d)enterokinase e)cholecystokinin

Back 49

a)maltase acts on maltose, a dissacharide b)peptidase acts on protein segments called peptide c)secretin stimulates the pancreas to produce bicarbonate ions d)enterokinase activates trypsinogen e)cholecystokinin stimulates contraction of gallbladder + stimulates the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes

Front 50

what is the most important factor that regulates the secretion of enzymes + hormones in the small intestine

Back 50

the presence of chyme is the most important factor that regulates secretions in the small intestine

Front 51

what are teniae coli, haustra, and epiploic appendages?

Back 51

teniae coli are 3 bands of longitudinal muscle in the wll of the large intestine, which comprise the longitudinal muscle layer./ haustra are bulges or pouches along the length of the large intestine./epiploic appendages are pieces of fat attached to the teniae coli.

Front 52

between which 2 parts of the large intestine is the hepatic flexure located? splenic flexure?

Back 52

the hepatic flexure is the right colonic flexure + is between the ascending colon + transverse colon. the splenic flexure is the left colonic flexure + is between the transverse colon + descending colon.

Front 53

which anal sphincter is controlled voluntarily?

Back 53

the external anal sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle + is under voluntarily control