The Digestive System And Body Metabolism

Front 1

Alimentary Canal also called the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Back 1

A continuous, coiled, hollow, muscular tube that winds through the ventral body cavity and is open at both ends. Its organs are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Front 2

Uvula

Back 2

A fleshy, fingerlike projection of the soft palate, which extends downward from its posterior edge.

Front 3

Lingual Frenulum

Back 3

A fold of mucous membrane, that secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits its posterior movements.

Front 4

Esophagus or Gullet

Back 4

Runs from the pharynx through the diaphragm to the stomach. It is about 25cm long, and is a passageway that conducts food to the stomach.

Front 5

Mucosa

Back 5

The innermost layer, a moist membrane that lines the cavity, or lumen of the organ. It consists of a surface epithelium and a small amount of connective tissue.

Front 6

Submucosa

Back 6

Found just beneath the mucosa. It is a soft connective tissue layer that contains blood vessels, nerve endings, lymph nodules and lymphatic vessels.

Front 7

Muscularis Externa

Back 7

A muscle layer typically made up of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells.

Front 8

Serosa

Back 8

The outermost layer of the wall. Consists of a single layer of flat serous fluid producing cells.

Front 9

Stomach

Back 9

On the left side of the abdominal cavity, nearly hidden by the liver and diaphragm.

Front 10

Greater Omentum

Back 10

Extension of the peritoneum. It drapes downward and covers the abdominal organs like a lacy apron before attaching to the posterior body wall. The greater omentum is riddled with fat, which helps to insulate, cushion, and protect the abdominal organs.

Front 11

Chyme

Back 11

This occurs after food has been processed in the stomach. It a mixture that resembles heavy cream. The Chyme enters the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter.

Front 12

ileocecal valve

Back 12

The small intestine extends from the pyloric sphincter to the ilecocecal valve.

Front 13

Mircovilli

Back 13

Tiny projections of the plasma membrane of the mucosa cells that give the cell surface a fuzzy appearance, they are sometimes referred to as the brush border.

Front 14

Villi

Back 14

Fingerlike projections of the mucosa that give it a velvety appearance.

Front 15

Circular folds also called Plicae Ciculares

Back 15

Deep folds of both mucosa and submucosa layers. They do not disappear when food fills the small intestine.

Front 16

Large Intestine

Back 16

Larger in diameter than the small intestine, but it is shorter in length. It extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus. Its major functions are to dry out the indigestible food residues from he body.

Front 17

Small Intestine

Back 17

The body's major digestive organ. Within its passageways usable food is prepared for its journery into the cells of the body.

Front 18

Ascending Colon

Back 18

Travels up the right side of the abdominal cavity and makes a turn, to travel across the abdominal cavity as the transverse colon.

Front 19

Haustra

Back 19

Since Tenia Coli usually display some degree of tone, they cause the wall to pucker into the small pocketlike sacs, called Haustra.

Front 20

Salivary Amylase

Back 20

Begins the process of starch digestion in the mouth. This is an enzyme that is contained by the Bolus, which is a clear serous portion.

Front 21

Masticate, or Chew

Back 21

A person does this by opening and closing our jaws and moving them from side to side while continually using our tongue to move the food between our teeth. In this process, the teeth tear and grind the food, breaking it down into smaller fragments.

Front 22

Pulp Cavity

Back 22

Sorrounded by the Dentin, it contains a number of structures (Connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers) collectively called pulp.

Front 23

Pulp

Back 23

Pulp supplies nutrients to the tooth tissues and provides for tooth sensations. Where the pulp cavity extends into the root, it becomes the root canal.

Front 24

Root Canal

Back 24

Provides a route for blood vessels, nerves, and other pulp structures to enter the pulp cavity of the tooth.

Front 25

Pancreas

Back 25

A soft, pink, triangular gland that extends across the abdomen from the spleen to the duodenum.

Front 26

Gallbladder

Back 26

A small, thin walled green sac that snuggles in a shallow fossa in the inferior surface of the liver.

Front 27

Cystic Duct

Back 27

When food digestion id not occurring, bile backs up the cystic duct, and enters the gallbladder to be stored.

Front 28

Ingestion

Back 28

Food must be placed into the mouth before it can be acted on. This is an active, voluntary process called ingestion.

Front 29

Peristalsis

Back 29

Involuntary and involves alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the organ wall.

Front 30

Segmentation

Back 30

Helps to propel foodstuffs through the small intestine, it normally only moves food back and forth across the internal wall of the organ, serving to mix it with the digestive juices.

Front 31

Absorption

Back 31

The transport of digested end products the lumen of the GI tracts to the blood or lymph is the absorption. For absorption to occur the digested foods must first enter the mucosal cells by active or passive transport processes.

Front 32

Defecation

Back 32

The elimination of indigestible substances from the body via the anus in the form of feces.

Front 33

Deglutition or Swallowing

Back 33

Complicated process that involves the coordinated activity of several structures.

Front 34

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase

Back 34

Transports food through the pharynx and esophagus.

Front 35

Gastrin

Back 35

Prods the stomach glands to produce still more of the protein digesting enzymes, mucus, and hydrochloric acid.

Front 36

Brush Border Enzymes

Back 36

Break down double sugars into simple sugars and complete protein digestion.

Front 37

Secretin and Cholecystokinin

Back 37

Influence the release of pancreatic juice and bile.

Front 38

Feces

Back 38

More or less solid product delivered to the rectum, contain undigested food residues, mucus, millions of bacteria, and just enough water to allow their smooth passage.

Front 39

Mass Movements

Back 39

Long, slow moving but powerful contractile waves that move over large areas of the colon three or four times daily and force the contents toward the rectum.

Front 40

Defecation Reflex

Back 40

A spinal reflex that causes the walls of the sigmoid colon and the rectum to contract and the anal sphincters to relax.

Front 41

ATP

Back 41

The chemical energy form needed by body cells to drive their many activities.

Front 42

Coenzymes

Back 42

Most vitamins function as coenzymes, meaning they act with an enzyme to accomplish a particular type of catalysis.

Front 43

Metabolism

Back 43

All chemical reactions that are necessary to maintain in life.

Front 44

Catabolism and Anabolism

Back 44

Catabolism: in which substances are broken down to simpler substances, Anabolism: in which larger molecules or structures are built form smaller ones.

Front 45

Low-Density lipoproteins or LDLs

Back 45

Transport cholesterol and other lipids to body cells where they are used in various ways.

Front 46

High-Density lipoproteins or HDLs

Back 46

The levels of HDLs are considered good because the cholesterol is destined to be broken down and eliminated form the body.

Front 47

Energy Intake

Back 47

The energy liberated during food oxidation, that is, during the reactions of glycolysis, the krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

Front 48

Energy Output

Back 48

Includes the energy we immediately lose as heat, plus that used to do work, plus energy that is stored in the form of fat or glycogen.

Front 49

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Back 49

The amount of heat produced by the body per unit of time when it is under basal conditions, which means, at rest.

Front 50

Total Metabolic Rate (TMR)

Back 50

Refers to the total amount of kilocalories the body must consume to fuel all ongoing activities.