The Digestive System

Front 1

What are the purposes of the digestive system?

Back 1

1 Take in food
2 Breakdown food into nutrient molecules
3 Absorb molecules into blood
4 Rid the body of indigestible remains

Front 2

What is the name for the continuous tube from the mouth to the anus that performs actual digestion and absorption?

Back 2

GI tract/Alimentary Canal

Front 3

What is included in the GI tract?

Back 3

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sm/lg intestine, anal canal

Front 4

What mechanically and/or chemically contribute to the breakdown of food?

Back 4

Accessory digestive organs

Front 5

The accessory digestive organs are connected to the GI tracts via what?

Back 5

Ducts

Front 6

What are include in the accessory digestive organs?

Back 6

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gall bladder, liver, pancreas

Front 7

What is the name for the introduction of solid or liquid food?

Back 7

Ingestion

Front 8

What is the process when food is mechanically brokendown by the teeth to increase SA of food for functioning of digestive enzymes?

Back 8

Mastication

Front 9

What is the term for the movement of food forward from the oral cavity to the esphagus?

Back 9

Deglutition

Front 10

What is the term that is described as smooth muscle contractions that move food forward from the esphagus to the stomach?

Back 10

Persitalis

Front 11

Deglutition and peristalis are examples of what digestive fxn?

Back 11

Propulsion

Front 12

What is the term that involves contractions that move food back and forth w/in the tract so that all sufaces are exposed to digestive juices?

Back 12

Mixing

Front 13

This digestive process includes muscus, water, and enzymes and it is added to liquefy, lubricate, and digest food?

Back 13

Secretion

Front 14

Where does absorption mainly occur?

Back 14

Sm intestine

Front 15

What is the smallest chemical brotken down from fats?

Back 15

Fatty acids and glycerol

Front 16

What do carbohydrates breakdown to for absorption?

Back 16

Monosaccharides

Front 17

How do waste products of digestion remve from the body?

Back 17

Through defecation

Front 18

What is the serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Back 18

Peritoneum

Front 19

What covers the external surface of most digestive organs?

Back 19

Visceral peritoneum

Front 20

What lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Back 20

Parietal peritoneum

Front 21

What is the additional double wall of peritoneum called?

Back 21

Mesentery

Front 22

What are the 3 fxns of mesentery?

Back 22

stores fat, holds organs in place, and privides routes for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves to reach viscera

Front 23

What is the layer of the GI tract that contains of simple columnar epithelium and consists of goblet cells?

Back 23

Mucosa

Front 24

What type of cells are in the mucosa that produce mucus for the purpose of protection of organs that produce enzymes from self-absorption?

Back 24

Goblet cells

Front 25

What is the specific layer that contains MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)?

Back 25

Lamina propria

Front 26

What is the thin layer of smooth muscle that contract to dislodge food particles stuck in the GI tract folds?

Back 26

Muscularis mucosa

Front 27

What is the thick CT layer that contains small glands, nerves, and bvs and elastic fibers to help return stomach to normal size after distension?

Back 27

Submucosa

Front 28

What is the portion of the submucosa that contains parasympathetic fibers?

Back 28

Submucosal plexus

Front 29

What is the layer that is responsible for propulsion and mixing which controls the lumen and length?

Back 29

Muscularis externa

Front 30

What is the portion of the muscularis externa that contains parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers?

Back 30

Myenteric plexus

Front 31

What is the outermost layer of the GI tract that is covered by visceral peritoneum?

Back 31

Serosa

Front 32

What is the serosa layer in the esophagus called?

Back 32

Adventitia

Front 33

The buccal cavity is another name for what?

Back 33

Mouth

Front 34

What is the name for the antimicrobial peptides that the oral mucosa produces?

Back 34

Defensins

Front 35

What is the muscle that forms the lips?

Back 35

orbicularis oris

Front 36

What forms the cheeks?

Back 36

Buccinator muscle and buccal fat pads

Front 37

What part of the oral cavity provides a surface for food?

Back 37

Hard palate

Front 38

What give rise to the uvula?

Back 38

Soft palate

Front 39

What is the name for food that is mixed with saliva up until it leaves the stomach?

Back 39

Bolus

Front 40

What is the structure that secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

Back 40

Lingual frenulum

Front 41

What is the most numerous papillae that contains keratin?

Back 41

Filiform papillae

Front 42

What is the papillae that if widely scattered over the tongue surface and house tast buds for sour, salty, and sweet?

Back 42

Fungiform papillae

Front 43

What papillae house the taste buds for bitter and lie in a row at the back of the tongue?

Back 43

Circumvallate papillae

Front 44

What is the structure that produce and secrete saliva?

Back 44

Salivary glands

Front 45

What does saliva contain which begins CHO digestion?

Back 45

Salivary amylase

Front 46

What is the gland anterior to the ear?

Back 46

Parotid

Front 47

What is the gland under the mucosa of the mouth floor?

Back 47

Sublingual

Front 48

What is the gland that is posterior and lateral to the chin?

Back 48

Submandibular gland

Front 49

Is saliva slightly acidic or slightly basic?

Back 49

acidic (6.5-7)

Front 50

What does saliva contain for microorganism defense?

Back 50

Defensins, IgA, and lysozymes

Front 51

What part of the autonomic NS is salivation controlled by?

Back 51

Parasympathetic NS

Front 52

Where are afferent message sent to when ingestion or smelling of food activates the chemoreceptors?

Back 52

Medulla oblongata and pons

Front 53

Efferent signals from salivation release what neurotransmitter from cranial nerves VII (facial) and IX (glossopharyngeal)?

Back 53

ACH

Front 54

From the mouth what part of the pharynx does food pass to next?

Back 54

Oropharynx then laryngopharynx

Front 55

The esophagus passes thru the diaphragm via what opening?

Back 55

Esophageal hiatus

Front 56

What is the name of the sphincter that connects the esophagus and stomach?

Back 56

gastroesphageal sphincter

Front 57

When the stomach is empty, the mucosa and submucosa forms what?

Back 57

Rugae

Front 58

What is the opening that joins the small intestine to the stomach and is surround by a sphincter?

Back 58

Pyloric opening

Front 59

What does mucosa contain that are openings for gastric glands?

Back 59

Gastric pits

Front 60

What glandular secretory cells secrete an acidic mucus?

Back 60

Mucous neck cells

Front 61

What do parietal cells secrete?

Back 61

HCl and intrinsic factor

Front 62

What is the purpose of HCl in the stomach?

Back 62

It creates the acidic environment necessary to convert inactive pepsingogen into active pepsin

Front 63

What is the glycoprotein needed for absorption of vitamin B12 (to help produce mature RBCs)?

Back 63

Intrinsic factor

Front 64

What hormone-like product stimulates stomach secretion and motility?

Back 64

Gastrin

Front 65

What hormone-like product activates parietal cells specifically to release HCl?

Back 65

Histamine

Front 66

What hormonone-like product released in the stomach are opiates that can act as appetite suppressants?

Back 66

Endorphins

Front 67

What hormone-like product causes the contraction of stomach muscles?

Back 67

Serotonin

Front 68

What hormone-like product inhibits gastric secretion and motility?

Back 68

Somatostatin

Front 69

What is the exposed part of the tooth above the gingiva?

Back 69

Crown

Front 70

What is the crown of the tooth covered by?

Back 70

Enamel

Front 71

What is mineralized with Ca salts and hyroxyapatite?

Back 71

Enamel

Front 72

What is the fxn of enamel?

Back 72

To protect the tooth against abrasions and acid produced from bacteria

Front 73

The root of the tooth is covered by calcified CT called what?

Back 73

Cementum

Front 74

What structure attaches the root of the tooth and anchors it to the gomphosis joint?

Back 74

Periodontal ligament

Front 75

What organ produces enzymes that digest all categories of food?

Back 75

Pancreas

Front 76

What is the name for the food that leaves the stomach and into the small intestine?

Back 76

Chyme

Front 77

Pancreatic juice leaves the pancreas via what?

Back 77

Pancreatic duct

Front 78

What are the pancreatic cells that house zymogen granules and produce a bicarb-rich fluid to help neutralize acidic chyme from stomach?

Back 78

Acinar cells

Front 79

What are inactive digestive enzymes that become active in the small intestine?

Back 79

Zymogens

Front 80

What is the enzyme that turns trypsinogen into trypsin?

Back 80

Enterokinase

Front 81

What is needed for procarboxypeptidase to turn into carboxypeptidase and chymotrypsingogen into chymotrypsin?

Back 81

Trypsin

Front 82

The entry of bile and pancreatic juices is controlled by what?

Back 82

Sphincter of Oddi

Front 83

What are insulin secretion cells?

Back 83

Beta cells

Front 84

What are the endocrine cells that produce and release hormones?

Back 84

Islets of Langerhans

Front 85

What do alpha cells release?

Back 85

Glucagon

Front 86

What is the active pancreatic enzyme released that breakdown RNA/DNA?

Back 86

Nuclease

Front 87

Hormones are released from what organ and target what organ?

Back 87

Small intestine; pancreas

Front 88

What hormone is released in reponse to the presence of HCl in the SI and causes the release of bicarb-rich fluid from the pancreas?

Back 88

Secretin

Front 89

What is hormone is released in response to the presence of CHO, proteins, and fats which stimulates the release of zymogens from pancreas?

Back 89

Cholecystikinin

Front 90

After stretch receptors send afferent signals to CNS, efferent signals are sent via what nerve causing pancreatic secretion, contrac of gall bladder and relaxation of sphincter of oddi?

Back 90

Vagus