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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define ascites.
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Abnormal accumulation of fluid within peritoneal cavity.
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Define bruxism.
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Grinding/clenching of teeth, usual during sleep.
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Define dysphagia.
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Difficulty swallowing.
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Define enteritis.
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Inflammation of intestine (small).
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Define ileus.
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Condition where all GI tract movement stops and gut appears paralyzed.
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Define proctology.
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Branch of medicine dealing with treatment of diseases of colon, rectum, anus.
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Define pyloric stenosis.
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Congenital abnormality where pyloric sphincter is abnormally constricted.
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Define xerostomia.
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Extreme dryness of mouth; caused by salivary gland blockage. (aka Sjogren's syndrome)
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Name the organs of the alimentary canal.
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Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, pharynx.
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Name the organs of the accessory digestive system.
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Teeth tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
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What are the 6 functional processes of the digestive system?
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Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defecation.
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The digestive viscera is served by?
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The splanchnic circulation.
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What part of the throat is continuous with the GI tract?
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Oropharynx posteriorly.
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What are the boundaries of the mouth?
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Lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue.
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What type of cell structure is found in the oral mucosa?
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Stratified squamous epithlium.
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All organs of the GI tract have what type of tissue layers in their walls?
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Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
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What glands produce saliva?
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Buccal glands and 3 pairs of major salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual.
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What chemicals compose saliva?
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Water, ions, proteins, metabolic wastes, lysozyme, defensins, IgA, salivary amylase, cyanide compound, mucin.
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What are the functions of saliva?
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Moistens/cleanses mouth, moistens foods, begins chemical digestern of starch.
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How is saliva's output increased?
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By parasympathetic reflexes initiated by activation of chemical and pressure receptors in mouth and conditioned reflexes.
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When do baby teeth start to shed?
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Age 6.
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Name the classes of teeth.
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Canines, incisors, molars, premolars. (CIMP)
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What is the composition of a tooth.
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Enamel-covered crown, cementum-covered root, dentin which surrounds central pulp cavity.
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How are teeth secured in the mouth?
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Periodontal ligament.
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What is the function of teeth?
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To masticate (chew) food.
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Which secretory cells are found in the gastric glands?
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pepsinogen-producing chief cells in gastric glands; parietal cells, intrinsic factor, mucous neck cells and enteroendocrine cells.
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How is protein digestion initiated in the stomach?
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Activated pepsin.
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What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?
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Cephalic, Gastric, and intestinal
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What are the 3 subdivisions of the small intestine?
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Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum.
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What is the major digestive and absorptive organ?
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Small intestine.
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What is the liver's digestive role?
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Produce bile.
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What stimulates bile production?
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Bile salts, secretin, and vagal stimulation.
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What cells make bile?
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Hepatocytes
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What happens during the Buccal phase?
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This voluntary action occurs in the mouth where bolus is forced into oropharynx.
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What stimulates the gallbladder to contract?
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Cholecystokinin (released by small intestine).
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What are the subdivisions of the large intestine?
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Cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal.
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What are the major functions of the large intestine?
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Absorption of water, electrolytes, vitamins, and defecation.
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How is the defection reflex triggered?
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When feces enter the rectum.
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What two ingredients are necessary for fat breakdown?
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Bile and pancreatic juice.
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What are some important congenital abnormalities of the digestive tract?
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Cleft palate/lip, tracheoesophageal fistula, and cystic fibrosis.
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Define alimentary canal.
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AKA gastrointestinal (GI) tract, continuous, muscular digestive tube winding through body.
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Mechanical digestion involves what processes?
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Chewing, mixing food with saliva, churning food and segmentation.
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Define segmentation.
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Process mixing food with digestive juices, which increases efficiency of absorption by repeatedly moving different food mass parts over intestinal wall.
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Define chemical digestion.
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Catabolic steps where complex food molecules are broken down by enzymes.
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Define absorption.
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Passage of digested end products from lumen of GI tract through mucosal cells by active or passive transport into blood or lymph.
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What occurs during the Pharyngeal-Esophageal phase?
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This involuntary action occurs when food is squeezed through pharynx into esophagus.
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What is the vestibule?
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The recess bounded externally by lips and cheeks and internally by gums and teeth.
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What is mechanical digestion?
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Physical process of preparing food for chemical digestion.
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Which peritoneum covers external surfaces of most digestive organs?
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Visceral
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Which peritoneum lines the body wall of the abdominopelvic cavity?
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Parietal
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Define mesentery.
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Double-layer of peritoneum extending to digestive organs from body wall.
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What is purpose of mesentery?
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To hold organs in place and store fat.
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The digestive system is served by what circulatory system?
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Splanchnic.
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What is mucosa?
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Innermost, moist, epithelial membrane lining digestive tract.
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What is submucosa?
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Moderately dense connective tissue layer containing blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and nerve fibers.
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Muscularis externa functions in what two processes?
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Peristalsis and segmentation.
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What is a serosa?
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Protective outer layer of intraperitoneal organs.
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What is the mouth?
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Stratified squamous epithelial mucosa-lined cavity with boundaries of lips, cheeks, palate and tongue.
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What are some functions of the tongue?
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To reposition food when chewing; mix food with saliva; initiate swallowing; help speak consonants.
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What is deglutition?
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Swallowing.
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What are the 2 phases of deglutition?
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Buccal phase-voluntary, occurs in mouth where bolus is forced into oropharynx, and pharyngeal-esophageal phase-involuntary, occurs when food is squeezed through pharynx, into esophagus.
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What are the functions of the stomach?
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Storage tank where chemical breakdown of proteins starts and food is converted to chyme.
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What are the major regions of the stomach?
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Cardiac, Fundus, Body and Plyloric.
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The convex lateral surface of the stomach is known as?
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Greater curvature.
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The convex medial surface of the stomach is known as?
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Lesser curvature.
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What features help to tie the stomach to other digestive organs and body wall?
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Lesser and greater omentums.
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What is the microscopic composition of the stomach's mucosa?
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Simple columnar epithelium composed of goblet cells.
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Gastric secretions are controlled by what?
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Neural and hormonal mechanisms and act in 3 distinct phases: Cephallic, Gastric and Intestinal phase.
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What do the interstitial cells of Cajal do?
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Establish stomach's basic electrical rhythm of peristaltic waves.
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What factors determine the rate at which the stomach empties?
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Contents of stomach and processing occurring in small intestine.
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What 3 microscopic modifications make the small intestine adapted for absorption?
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Plicae circulares, villa and microvilli.
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What 2 things should you know about the liver?
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Largest gland in body; has 4 lobes.
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What is bile?
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Yellow-green, alkaline solution containing bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and a variety of electrolytes.
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What does the gallbladder do?
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Stores/concentrates bile not needed immediately for digestion.
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Pancreatic juice consists of what?
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Mainly water; also enzymes that break down categories of foodstuffs and electrolytes.
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Secretion of pancreatic juice is regulated by what?
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Local hormones and parasympathetic nervous system.
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Where do substances required for chemical digestion come from?
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They are imported from pancreas and liver.
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What is the most common motion of the small intestine?
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Segmentation.
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What are 3 unique features of the large intestine?
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Teniae coli, Haustra, and Epiploic Appendages
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What are the subdivisions of the large intestine?
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Cecum, Appendix, Colon, Rectum, and Anal Canal.
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What movements can be seen in the large intestine?
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Haustral contractions, mass movements.
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What part does mass movements play in defecation?
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They force feces into the rectum, stretching rectal wall and initiating defecation.
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What are Monosaccharides?
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Simple sugars that are absorbed immediately (glucose, galactose, fructose).
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What is the digestible polysaccharide found in the diet?
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Starch.
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Where does chemical digestion of carbohydrates begin?
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In the mouth where salivary amylase breaks large polysaccharides into small fragments.
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What 2 proteins are digested into amino acids in the GI tract?
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Dietary; enzyme.
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What type of cells are responsible for the production of pepsin?
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Chief cells.
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Where is Rennin produced and what does it do?
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Infants produce rennin and it breaks down milk proteins.
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Name two pancreatic enzymes.
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Trypsin, Chymotrypsin.
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Name the brush border enzymes.
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Carboxypeptidase, Aminopeptidase, and
Dipeptidase |
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What do brush border enzymes do?
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Freeing single amino acids in the small intestine.
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What are lipases?
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Enzymes, secreted by pancreas, that digest fat after they have been pretreated with bile.
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Where does absorption take place?
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Along entire length of small intestine.
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What is actively absorbed along entire length of small intestine?
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Electrolytes.
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What is the most abundant substance in chyme?
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Water.
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What is the red margin?
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Reddened area where lipstick is or one kisses.
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What is the labial frenulum?
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Median fold joining internal aspect of each lip to gum.
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What type of muscles are found in the tongue?
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Intrinsic and extrinsic skeletal muscles.
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What actions can be performed with intrinsic muscles?
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Change shape, Become thicker, thinner, longer, shorter for speech and swallowing.
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What actions can be performed with extrinsic muscles?
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protrude, retract, move side-to-side.
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What secures tongue to floor of mouth and limits posterior movements?
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Fold of mucosa called lingual frenulum.
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What is Ankyloglossia?
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Congenital condition with extremely short lingual frenulum; tongue-tied.
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What is Filiform Papillae?
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Smallest, most numerous type of papillae, aligned in parallel rows on tongue dorsum.
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Keratin gives the tongue what qualities?
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Stiffens papillae; gives whitish appearance.
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What are the other two types of papillae found on tongue's surface?
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Fungiform and Circumvallate (aka Vallate) papillae.
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How do dental caries occur?
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Gradual demineralization of enamel and dentin by bacterial action.
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What are G cells?
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Gastrin-secreting enteroendocrine cells.
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What is the 1st phase of Gastric secretion?
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Cephalic (Reflex) - Inputs from olfactory receptors and taste buds are relayed to hypothalmus, which stimulates vagal nuclei of medulla oblongata.
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What are some triggers for the 1st phase of gastric secretion?
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Aroma, taste, sight, thought of food.
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What is the 2nd phase of Gastric secretion?
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Gastric - Lasts 3-4 hours. Stomach distension activates stretch receptors, impulses to medulla. Let to ACh release.
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What are the triggers for the 2nd phase of gastric secetion?
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Distension, peptides and low acidity.
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What is the 3rd phase of gastric secretion?
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Intestinal - excitatory and inhibitory. Excitatory is set into motion as partially digested food fills duodenum of small intestine.
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What is the 2nd component of 3rd phase?
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Inhibitory component triggered in form of enterogastric reflex.`
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What is chemical digestion?
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Catabolic process where large food molecules are broken down to chemical building blocks (Monomers).
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What are monosaccharides?
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Simple sugars absorbed immediately. (glucose, galactose, fructose).
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What are disaccharides?
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Composed of two monosaccharides bonded together. Maltose, lactose, sucrose)
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What do brush border enzymes do?
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Work on freeing single amino acids in small intestine.
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Name the boarder enzymes.
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Carboxypeptidase, Aminopeptidase, and Dipeptidase.
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What are lipases?
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Enzymes that digest fats after they have been pretreated with bile.
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What type of vitamins does the small intestine absorb?
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Dietary.
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What type of vitamins does the large intestine absorb?
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Vitamins B and K
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How are micelles formed and for what purpose?
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Monoglycerides and free fatty acids of lipid digestion become associated with bile salts and lecithin; purpose: lipid absorption.
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How long does it take for the alimentary canal to form in the womb?
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8 weeks.
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What changes in the digestive system take place as aging occurs?
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GI tract motility declines; digestive juic production decreases; absorption less efficient; peristalsis slows creating constipation.
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