The Cytoskeleton

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Network of filamentous structure that includes: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

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Cytoskeleton

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Roles of cytoskeleton

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Serves as a scaffold providing structural support and maintaining cell shape.

Serves as an internal framework to organize organelle within the cell

Derek cellular locomotion and the movement of materials within the cell

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Roles of microtubules in transporting organelles

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Peroxisomes of a cell color green are associated with microtubules color red

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Plasticity of a cytoskeleton

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A mouse fibroplast that is migrating over the edge of a cover slip

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The use of a live cell fluorescence imaging

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Can be used to locate fluorescently labeled target proteins

Molecular processes can be observed via live cell imaging

Used to reveal the location of a protein present in very low concentration

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A protein found in the algal cell's flagella

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Centrin

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The use of vitro single-molecule Assays

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They make possible to detect the activity of an individual protein molecule in real time

Can be supplement with atomic force microscopy to measure the mechanical properties of cytoskeletal elements

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Are hollow cylindrical structures

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Microtubules

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Microtubule is a set of globular proteins arranged in longitudinal rose called

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Protofilaments

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Microtubule contains __ protofilament

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13

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Comprise a heterogeneous group of proteins

Attaches to the surface of microtubule to increase their stability and promote their assembly

Are regulated by phosphorylation of specific amino acid residues

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Microtubule-Associated Proteins (MAPs)

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In a cultured muscle shown by fluorescent antitubulin antibodies. Microtubules extend from the perinuclear region of the cell in a radial array and gradually as they conform to the shape of the cell

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Localization of microtubules

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Movement away from the cell body

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Anterograde

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Meant toward the cell body

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Retrograde

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Mediate tracks for variety

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Motor proteins

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Motor proteins that traverse the Microtubular Cytoskeleton

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Molecular motor converts energy from atp into mechanical energy

Molecular motors move and directionally along the cytoskeletal tract in a step-wise manner

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Three categories of molecular

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Kinesin and dynein move along tracks

Myosin moves along microfilament tracks

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A member of a super family called the kinesin-like-proteins (KLPs)

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Kinesin

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Each kinisin includes a pair of globular heads

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Motor domain connected to a rod like stalk

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A plus end directed microtubular motor based on its movement

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Kinesin

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Kinisins process

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They move along a single protofilament of a microtubule at a velocity of proportional to the ATP concentration

Movement is processive, motor protein move along an individual microtubule for a long distance without falling off

KLPs move cargo toward the cells plasma membrane

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Responsible for the movement of cilia and

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Dynein

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Huge protein with the globular force generating head

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Cytoplasmic dynein

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Specialized structure for the nucleation of microtubules

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Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs)