The Control Of Water Balance

Front 1

the balancing of water retention with proper salt concentration

Back 1

osmoregulation

Front 2

term that describes body fluids higher in concentration of salts relative to the external environment

Back 2

hypertonic

Front 3

body fluids that have less salt (solute) concentration relative to the environment

Back 3

hypotonic

Front 4

term for animals that allow the osmotic concentration of their body fluids to remain at about the same level as that of the medium in which they are living.

Back 4

osmoconformers

Front 5

term for animals that maintain the osmotic concentration of the water in which they are living.

Back 5

osmoregulator

Front 6

excretory organs of many freshwater invertebrates

Back 6

nephrid organs

Front 7

excretory organs in insects and other terrestrial arthopods

Back 7

malpighian tubules

Front 8

portion of the kidney which contains the lower portion of the loop of Henle and is permeable to urea

Back 8

inner medula

Front 9

recapturing of desirable ions, metabolites and water from the filtrate

Back 9

reabsorption

Front 10

compare osmoregulation in freshwater vertebrates, marine vertebrates and land vertebrates.

Back 10

the body fluids in freshwater vertebrates are hypertonic relative to their environment, therefore they must excrete water to prevent the fluids within them from being diluted. In contrast, marine animals have body fluids hypotonic relative to their environment so they must retain water to prevent dehydration.

Front 11

major excretory organ of land vertebrates

Back 11

kidney

Front 12

waste products from nitrogen metabolism

Back 12

urea

Front 13

inner region of the kidney

Back 13

medulla

Front 14

process in which blood passes through a glomerulus that retains blood cells and proteins but allows passage of water and small molecules such and amino acids, glucose and salts into a renal tubule

Back 14

filtration

Front 15

insoluble waste produced by birds and terrestrial reptiles

Back 15

uric acid

Front 16

filtration apparatus at the proximal end of each nephron tube

Back 16

malpighian corpuscle

Front 17

portion of the kidney which contains the upper portion of the loop of henle where reabsorption of salt from the filtrate by active transport occurs

Back 17

outer medulla

Front 18

first secretes and excretes K+, H+, NH+4, certain drugs and foreign organic materials

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secretion

Front 19

outer layer of the kidney

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cortex

Front 20

fluid that passes out of the capillaries of each glomerulus and enters the part of the renal tubule where reabsorption takes place

Back 20

glomerular filtrate

Front 21

hairpin loop located between the proximal and distal segments of the renal tubule

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loop of henle

Front 22

nephron tube in a mammalian kidney

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renal tube

Front 23

fine network of capillaries that act as a filtration device

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glomerulus

Front 24

functional unit of the kidney

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nephron

Front 25

list the three major functions that are carried on by all vertebrate kidneys

Back 25

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Front 26

what two solutes are involved in the countercurrent exchange set up in the loop of henle of the nephron

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salt and urea

Front 27

what are the two functional zones of the kidney

Back 27

outer medulla- the outer portion of the kidney that contains the upper portion of the loop where reabsorption of salt from the filtrate by active transport occurs. Inner medulla- the inner portion of the kidney that contains the lower portion of the loop and is permeable to urea

Front 28

what are the three general solutions to the problem of transporting and removing ammonia from the vertebrate body?

Back 28

1. flushing: protein breakdown in the gills carried away in the water passing across the gills. 2. detoxification: conversion of ammonia to urea which is far less toxic and can be transported and excreted at higher concentrations. 3. Insolubilization: process used by birds and terrestrial reptiles which converts ammonia to insoluble uric acid for elimination as a semisolid paste (guano)

Front 29

give two examples of how the central nervous system regulates kidney function

Back 29

the hypothalumus controls water and salt balance and hence regulates the kidney functions. Vasopressin (ADH) produced by the hypothalmus is released or repressed dendent upon molarity. Sodium levels affect the production of aldosterone which in turn acts to increase salt reabsorption and so decrease the amount of sodium that is lost in urine.