The Conext Reform

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How does Reform Pressure build after 1989

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 Ayatollah Khomeini dies in July 1989
 prior to his death, the constitution was amended to create an Expediency Council appointed by the faqih to resolve conflicts between the legislature and the Council of Guardians
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Front 2

How does Reform Pressure build after 1989

Back 2

moderately reformist Ali-Akbar Rafsanjani elected President later in 1989
 pursues limited market-oriented reforms
 Cultural Minister Mohammad Khatami permits more Western materials & encourages women to engage in the arts
 several more visibly reformist leaders are blocked from participating in the 1992 and 1996 majlis elections
 young people (who could vote at age 15) begin to call for greater civil liberties

Front 3

B. Khatami & the Call for Reform

Back 3

 Rafsanjani abandons his consideration of trying to amend the constitution to permit a third term
 Khatami (who had resigned as Cultural Minister) becomes the most reformist of the 4 presidential candidates approved
 he is expected to lose to Ali-Akbar Nateq-Nuri (speaker of the majlis favored by conservatives)

Front 4

kHATAMI

Back 4

 amid massive turnout (88% v. 51% in 1993), Khatami won 70% of the vote on 5/23/97
 women & the young vote in large numbers for him
 the majlis (elected in 1996) is still dominated by conservatives
 Khatami is supported by secular activists with both statist and market-oriented economic ideas
 both groups are represented in the cabinet

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