Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the definition of Chemistry? |
The science of matter, energy, and reactions. |
|
|
What is the definition of matter? |
Anything that has mass an occupies space. |
|
|
What are the two forms of matter? |
pure substances and mixtures of pure substances (mixtures). |
|
|
What are pure substances? |
elements and compounds |
|
|
What are mixtures? |
substances made up of more than one element and/or compounds that have not reacted chemically but are just physically mixed together. |
|
|
What are compounds made of? |
Compounds are made of elements that are bound together chemically. |
|
|
What is the definition of reaction? |
something (chemical of physical) that has happened to the substance. |
|
|
What is the definition of oxidation? |
the chemical combination of oxygen with a substance. |
|
|
What chemical reaction generates heat and light? |
fire (combustion) |
|
|
How does the rusting of iron relate to combustion? |
The rusting of iron is a chemical combination of oxygen with iron. It is the same as combustion, just so slow that it is immeasurable. |
|
|
What forms of energy are liberated in a fire? |
heat and light |
|
|
Who were the forerunners of chemists? |
alchemists |
|
|
What were these forerunners of chemists trying to do? |
Among other things, the alchemists were trying to change "base" metals, such as lead, into gold. |
|
|
What is the definition of element? |
A pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances. |
|
|
How were the elements arranged in the first Periodic Table? |
by increase in atomic weight. |
|
|
What is periodicity? |
The regular repetition of an event or property. In relation to the elements, periodicity is the cycle of regularly repeating chemical properties. |
|
|
What are atoms? |
The smallest particle of an element is known as an atom, the smallest part of an element that can still be identified as the element. |
|
|
What type of reaction will take place when an element loses its identity and becomes an integral part of a new substance? |
a chemical reaction |
|
|
What are the two subatomic particles? |
the nucleus and the electron |
|
|
What is an electron? |
a particle that orbits the nucleus like a planet around the sun, has an electrical charge or -1 (read negative one or minus one), and is almost weightless. |
|
|
Where is the nucleus of an atom? |
the center of each atom and contains all the positive charge of the atom and essentially all of its weight. |
|
|
What kind of electrical charge does an electron have? |
The electron has an electrical charge of minus one, is assigned a value of one, and is negatively. |
|
|
What kind of electrical charge does the nucleus have? |
The nucleus is positively charged, with the value equal to the number of protons contained therein. |
|
|
What kind of electrical charge does an atom have? |
An atom possesses no electrical charge; it is electrically neutral. |
|
|
What two particles make up the nucleus? |
The two nuclear particles are the proton and the neutron. |
|
|
Which of the nuclear particles has an electrical charge, and what kind of electrical charge is it? |
The proton has an electrical charge of +1 |
|
|
What is the atomic weight of the proton? The neutron? |
The atomic weight of the proton and the neutron is one atomic mass unit (AMU) each. |
|
|
Which of the elements is the smallest? |
Hydrogen |
|
|
What determines the chemistry of each element? |
The chemistry of each element is determined by the manner in which the electrons are arranged around the nucleus. |
|
|
Is oxygen flammable? |
Oxygen is not flammable. |
|
|
What is the instrument in which all the known elements are listed according to atomic numbers? |
the Periodic Table of the Elements |
|
|
What are the two types of elements? |
the metals and the nonmetals. |
|
|
What are the alkali metals? |
lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium |
|
|
What are the elements for the following symbols?
H, B, F, Al, Cl, As, He, C, Na, Si, Ar, Se, Rb, Cs, Mn, Cu, Pt, Pb, Sr, Ba, Fe, Zn, Sn, and Ra |
hydrogen, boron, fluorine, aluminum, chlorine, arsenic, helium, carbon, sodium, silicon, argon, selenium, rubidium, cesium, manganese, copper, platinum, lead, strontium, barium, iron, zinc, tin, and radum |
|
|
What are the symbols for the following elements?
lithium, nitrogen, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, bromine, beryllium, neon, oxygen, sulfer, calcium, krypton, iodine, radon, cobalt, gold, antimony, uranium, xenon, chromium, nickel, silver, mercury, and plutonium. |
Li, N, Mg, P, K, Br, Be, Ne, O, S, Ca, Kr, I, Rn, Co, Au, Sb, U, Xe, Cr, Ni, Ag, Hg, and Pu |
|
|
Which element is at the top of the elements known as the alkaline earth metals? |
Beryllium |
|
|
Which are the elements known as halogen? |
Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. |
|
|
which are the inert gases? |
helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. |
|
|
What is the "family effect"? |
The "family effect" is that elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because of the number of electrons in their outer rings. |
|
|
What is the definition of atomic number? |
Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of the same element. |
|
|
What is an isotope? |
An isotope is an atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons in the nucleus. |
|
|
How is the approximate atomic weight of an element calculated? |
The atomic weight is approximated by adding together the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom. |
|
|
Why is the atomic weight never a whole number? |
The atomic weight of an element is calculated by taking the percentage of each isotope present in the element, multiplying that percentage by the atomic weight of that isotope, and adding all these together. In other words, the atomic weight of an element is the weighted average of its isotopes. Therefore it is never a whole number, except for the man-made elements. |
|
|
What is an alloy? |
An alloy is a physical mixture created by melting and stirring together metallic elements. |
|
|
What is the only liquid metal? |
mercury |
|
|
How can the number of electrons in orbit around the nucleus of each element be determined? |
The number of electrons in orbit around the nucleus is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. |
|
|
How many electrons will fill the first ring? The second ring? the third ring? |
A maximum of two electrons are in the full first ring, eight electrons in the second, and eight in the third. |
|
|
How many electrons are in the last ring of the alkali metals? The alkaline earth metals? the halogens? The inert gases? |
The alkali metals all have one electron in the outer ring; the alkaline earth metals have two electrons in the outer ring; the halogens have seven; and the inert gases have eight (except for helium, which has a full first ring with two electrons). |
|
|
What is the octet rule? |
The octet rule says that for an atom to reach a state of stability, it must have a full outer ring containing eight electrons. |
|
|
What is the duet rule? |
The duet rule is a special case of the octet rule--that is, for such an atom to reach stability, its outer ring (the first ring) must be full (have two electrons). |
|
|
What is the premise set forth by the Kinetic Molecular Theory? |
The kinetic molecular theory states that all molecules are in a state of motion at all temperatures above absolute zero. The higher the temperature, the faster the molecular vibration. |
|
|
At what temperature does all molecular motion cease? |
All molecular motion ceases at absolute zero (-459.67°F) |
|
|
What happens to molecules as they absorb heat (energy)? |
As molecules absorb heat, they vibrate (or move about) more rapidly. |
|
|
What are the three states of matter? |
The three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. |
|
|
Why are the metals of Group IA called the alkali metals? |
Because the hydroxides formed by sodium and potassium are called alkalis. The hydroxides formed by the other metals in this family will be just as alkaline or caustic in nature. |
|
|
What happens to molecular motion at absolute zero? |
All molecular motion, and therefore all life, ceases. |
|
|
What happens to the atom of an element if a proton is removed from its nucleus? If a proton is added? |
If a proton is removed from the nucleus of an atom of a particular element, the atom changes into an atom of the element with an atomic number one lower than the original atom. If a proton is added to the nucleus of an atom of a particular element, the atom changes into an atom of the element with an atomic number one higher than the original atom. |
|
|
Why did the alchemists fail in their attempts to change lead into gold? |
They did not know about atomic numbers. Even if they had, they did not possess the tools available today to accomplish the task of turning lead into gold. |
|
|
Since the first two halogens are gases, the third is a liquid, and the fourth is a solid, how can they all have similar chemistry? |
All of the halogens have one electron in their outer (valence) ring. Therefore, they all have similar chemistry—that is, they all form very similar compounds. |
|
|
Since hydrogen sits atop Group 1A, does this mean it is an alkali metal? |
No. It is above the line drawn on the Periodic Table, and that defines it as a nonmetal. It is placed atop Group IA in this Periodic Table simply because it has one electron in its outer ring. Some Periodic Tables place it above both Groups IA and VIIA because, in the case of Group IA, it has one electron in its outer ring; and int because of Group VIIA, it needs on electron to become stable (to resemble helium). Some Periodic Tables place it in the middle of the Table above the first Period, where it seems to float detached from the rest of that Periodic Table. |
|
|
Why are the transition elements left out of the discussion of chemistry in Chapter 1? |
The transition elements do not follow the rules of electrons filling up orbitals (rings) in the nice, orderly way they do in the representative or main group elements. This would destroy the method of teaching elemental or atomic stability and the formation of ionic and covalent compounds discussed in the next four chapters. The transition elements are discussed fully in any high school or beginning college chemistry book. |
|
|
Why does hydrogen have no neutrons in its nucleus? |
Only the stable hydrogen isotope does not have neutrons in its nuclei. Deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, has one neutron in the nucleus of each of its atoms (and therefore has an atomic wight of 2), and tritium, the third isotope, has two neutrons in the nucleus of each of its atoms (and therefore has an atomic weight of 3). |
|
|
As metals are heated, they usually glow before they melt; how does the Kinetic Molecular Theory explain this? |
Energy is added to the metal as heat. The molecules (or atoms, in the case of metals) move faster and faster, returning much of the heat originally absorbed. However, as the atoms move faster and faster (in most metals), at some level the heat energy is returned as light energy. The faster and faster theses atoms vibrate, the light will change from a dull red to a bright red to white. The atoms will then lose some of the attraction they have for each other and begin to slide over themselves as a liquid. Metals are rather strange materials, and their atoms attract each other and they act like molecules. |
|
|
Why won't any new elements be discovered in the Periodic Table, such as a new alkali metal between sodium and potassium or a new halogen between fluorine an chlorine? |
Because there is no room for them. Really! A new element must have a new atomic number, and the only new atomic numbers can come after the highest atomic number that currently exists. |
