The Civil War And Its Aftermath

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Fort Sumner

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Battle was from April 12–14, 1861. The fort, near Charleston, South Carolina, was attacked and this attack started the Civil War. Following the declarations of secession by 7 southern states, South carolina demanded that the US army stop operations in the Charleston Harbor. On December 26, 1860, U.S. Major Robert Anderson surreptitiously moved his small command from the indefensible Fort Moultrie on Sullivan's Island to Fort Sumter, a substantial fortress controlling the entrance of Charleston Harbor. An attempt by U.S. President James Buchanan to reinforce and resupply Anderson, using the unarmed merchant ship Star of the West, failed when it was fired upon by shore batteries on January 9, 1861. Following the battle, there was widespread support from both North and South for further military action. Lincoln's immediate call for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion resulted in an additional four southern slave states also declaring their secession and joining the Confederacy.

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Confederacy

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(1860-1865) During the American Civil War, the Confederate States of America consisted of the governments of 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union in 1860-61, carrying on all the affairs of a separate government and conducting a major war until defeated in the spring of 1865. Convinced that their way of life, based on slavery, was irretrievably threatened by the election of President Abraham Lincoln (November 1860), the seven states of the Deep South (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas) seceded from the Union during the following months. When the war began with the firing on Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861), they were joined by four states of the upper South (Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia).

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Emancipation Proclamation

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(January 1, 1863) When the American Civil War (1861-65) began, President Abraham Lincoln carefully framed the conflict as concerning the preservation of the Union rather than the abolition of slavery. But by mid-1862, as thousands of slaves fled to join the invading Northern armies, Lincoln was convinced that abolition had become a sound military strategy, as well as the morally correct path. On September 22, soon after the Union victory at Antietam, he issued a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, declaring that as of January 1, all slaves in the rebellious states “shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.” While the Emancipation Proclamation did not free a single slave, it was an important turning point in the war, transforming the fight to preserve the nation into a battle of human freedom. The proclamation allowed black soldiers to fight for the Union -- soldiers that were desperately needed. It also tied the issue of slavery directly to the war.

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Jefferson Davis

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was a Mexican War hero, U.S. senator from Mississippi, U.S. secretary of war and president of the Confederate States of America for the duration of the American Civil War (1861-1865). Prior to the start of the war, Davis had argued against secession, but when Mississippi seceded he resigned from the U.S. Senate. In February 1861 he was elected president of the Confederacy. Davis faced difficulties throughout the war as he struggled to manage the Southern war effort, maintain control the Confederate economy and keep a new nation united. Davis’ often contentious personality led to conflicts with other politicians as well as his own military officers. In May 1865, several weeks after the Confederate surrender, Davis was captured, imprisoned and charged with treason, but never tried.

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Robert E. Lee

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served as a military officer in the U.S. Army, a West Point commandant and the legendary general of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War (1861-65). In June 1861, Lee assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia, which he would lead for the rest of the war. In the spring of 1863, Lee invaded the North, only to be defeated at the Battle of Gettysburg. The Confederate army surrendered in April 1865. Lee has been praised by many for his tactical brilliance, and remains a revered figure in the American South.

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Robert E. Lee

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(July 1–3, 1863) in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War and is often described as the war's turning point. Union Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade's Army defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army, ending Lee's invasion of the North.

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Ulysses Grant

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(1869–1877) the 18th President of the United States following his highly successful role as a war general in the second half of the Civil War. Under Grant, the Union Army defeated the Confederate military. As president he led the Radical Republicans in their effort to eliminate all vestiges of Confederate nationalism and slavery. Upset over uncontrolled violence in the South and wanting to protect African American citizenship, President Grant effectively destroyed the first group of Ku Klux Klan in 1871.

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Appotomattox Courthouse

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symbolic monument where General Lee's Confederate Northern Virginia troop surrender to Grant however the actual site was in vicinity.

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John Wilkes Booth

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was a famous American stage actor who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln. This happened at Ford's Theatre, in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. He was a Confederate sympathizer, vehement in his denunciation of Lincoln, and strongly opposed the abolition of slavery in the United States.

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Reconstruction

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it was the rebuilding of The South because it was destroyed by Gen Grant and his troops after the Civil War. It included the Freedman's Bureau which was the reconditioning or social program to help freed slaves, especially in the South. lasted until 1876.

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13th Amendment

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was a famous American stage actor who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln. This happened at Ford's Theatre, in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. He was a Confederate sympathizer, vehement in his denunciation of Lincoln, and strongly opposed the abolition of slavery in the United States.

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14th Amendment

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Grants citizenship to those born or naturalized in the US. The following clauses are included in this amendment: Citizenship (broadly defines citizenship and overturns Dred Scott vs. Sandford Supreme Court decision that Americans descending from African slaves could not be US citizens) , Privileges and Immunities, Due Process (prohibits state & local government officials from depriving persons of life, liberty or property without legislative authorizations) and Equal Protection (requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction).

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15th Amendment

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Prohibits federal and state governments from denying citizens right to vote based on race, color or previous condition of servitude