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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Woodrow Wilson |
Democrat - 1913 - 1921 |
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Warren G. Harding |
Republican - 1921- 1923 |
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Calvin Coolidge |
Republican - 1923 - 1929 |
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Herbert Hoover |
Republican - 1929 - 1933 |
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Normalcy |
Wanted by WASPs as it was a return to how things were before WW2, but black soldiers wanted greater equality. |
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Unemployment 1919 - x 1921 - x |
Unemployment 1919 - 950,000 1921 - 5 million |
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Tarrifs |
to put taxes on good going into or out of a country to encourage or discourage trading abroad - encourage people to 'buy American' |
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Isolationism |
Harding - USA should be supportive NOT entangled with other nations: introducing tariffs that favoured US business, not joining League of Nations, not setting up colonies. |
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Emergency Quota Act 1921 |
Restricted immigration to 357,000 extended amendment in '24 - 150,000 |
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Neutrality Acts passed by Congress |
Restricted the help USA could give to other nations, if war broke out US Neutrality Act said a citizen could lose their citizenship if they went to fight abroad. |
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Not entirely isolationist? Why? |
USA helped Europe rebuild economically and brokered the Washington Conference of 1921-22, which set limits on national navies. (G.D forced USA to stay isolationist though) |
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Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act |
Encourage people to buy American - new tech produced consumer goods cheaply - here purchase - allowed people to buy these goods over a period of time. - Contributed to the Boom Period |
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Laissez Faire |
Harding - 'leave well alone' - policy meant minimal government interference; for example, not regulating businesses and not providing welfare fro the poor. Harding - not willing to control wages, working hours or prices. |
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What happened during Coolidge's presidency? |
Period of recovery and prosperity - however people didn't the flaws of the boom |
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Red Scare, 1919 - 1920 |
Russia went through a serious of revolutions - monarchy replaced with a communist government - USSR |
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Events leading up to Red Scare |
US Post Office discovers 36 bombs addressed to state officials, workers' rallies across the county - riots in several cities - American Legion founded, organisation for veterans of WW1, Bombs explode in 8 cities, targeting public officials, Radical division set u by Palmer to seek out communist conspiracies. Pittsburg Steel Workers go on strike - violence erupts in various parts of USA, between strikers and local militia. Steelworker;s strike ends with no gain for th strikers - country if full of anti-communist feeling. FBI raids in 33 cities - 5,000+ arrested |
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CPUSA CLP Anarchists |
Communist Party of America Communist Labour Party of America Anarchists distributed pamphlets in many cities 0 urging revolution |
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Strikes in early January 1919
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3,600 strikes - about 4 million people on strike 35,000 shipyard workers went on strike in Seattle escalated to a general strike of 60,000 |
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KKK |
white supremacist organisation = targeted all groups that were un-american. |
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How many were deported? |
thousands arrested -556 deported. Palmer's prediction on a red revolution failed to occur. |
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Rugged Individualism |
dwelt less on inaction and more on allowing people to take responsibility for themselves. - even the poor and homeless, were weakened by government support, because it sapped deter self-reliance. Government should not interfere to help those with jobs and homes. - should not regulate working hours, pay or working conditions - USA should isolate itself - USA should restrict immigration - (it was acceptable when the economy was booming but after the Great Depression - strain on the economy - most immigrants moved to improve their lives not bring wealth to the economy. |
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Great Depression |
Uncontrollable Boom caused Wall Street Crash Unemployment soars, people lost their homes, banks and businesses failed. |
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What did Hoover do?
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Set up FFB |
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What is the Federal Farm Board? |
It helped farmers who found it hard to sell their goods abroad because of government isolationist tariffs. |
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1930, President's Emergency Committee for Employment |
Hoover set it up as a temporary organisation to find work projects for the unemployed and to persuade businesses to create more jobs on a local, voluntary basis. Encouraged businessmen to invest in the economy bu setting up similar organisations. |
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What federal intervention did Hoover give between 30-32? |
He advised them on projects, then gave the money to fund at least some of the help. He asked Congress to pass laws that gave federal help - was significant, unwelcome change. |
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How much did Hoover receive and spend in his last year of presidency? |
Received - $2,000 million Spent over $5,000 million |
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Hoovervilles |
Huge shanty towns of homeless people that sprang up named after Hoover |
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1929 - Agricultural Marketing Act |
Sets up a Federal Farm Board that could buy up key crops to stabilise prices |
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1930 Committee for Unemployed Relief |
to co-ordinate and advise on, state efforts for unemployed - and Presidents Emergency Committee for Employment set up |
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1931 National Credit Corporation (NCC) |
funded by healthy banks and businesses to help failing ones, starts with a budget of $500 million; by the end of the year NCC has lent just $10 million |
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1932 - Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) |
Set up with $300 million to lend to states fore relief projects |
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1932 RFC ammended |
RFC lending can also be given to farmers and public works can be set up. Federal Home Loan Bank Act has a federal fund to lend money to people in trouble with their mortgages. |
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Bonus Army |
US government had given those who fought in WW1 a bonus payment calculated on their years of service, Paid veterans $50 at once and the rest with into a fund to pay out in 1945. As the depression bit, many veterans asked for their money early - govt refused - veterans who wanted bonuses were unemployed, some were homeless. |
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Bonus Army March
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1932 - 150,000 - 200,000 marched around the Site House - fears of riots - police tried to break up - troops set in with tear gas, bayonets, cavalry and even tanks with machines guns. Govt tried to cover it up claiming they were communist agitators - lost Hoover a significant amount of popularity as a result |
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1931 - What party had the majority in H. of Representatives? |
Democrats |
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What did FDR offer? |
New Deal - and a new attitude to government |
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What was FDR's campaign vs. Hoover |
Hoover being led by the four Horsemen of the Apocolypse - Destruction, Doubt, Despair and Delay Hoover ONLY won 6 States |
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1933 - 1945 |
FDR - Democrat |
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What was the First New Deal for?
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Stop the country's economy from collapsing |
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What was the Second New Deal for? |
It was more about radical change, and about welfare |
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National Recovery Administration (NRA) |
set up and enforced codes of proactive for businesses, including setting working hours and a minimum wage, Business could choose not to join NRAL however, the public were encouraged to support businesses that displayed NRA symbol in the window. (basically asked businesses to do what the Republicans told them not to do.) |
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Agricultural Adjustment Agency (AAA) |
regulated the major crops, such as wheat, cotton and milks. IT bought up surplus crops and subsidies farmers to grow less of crops that were bing overproduced. |
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FDR and Congress |
During his inaugural speech, he laid down the policies for the first few months. He explained the powers Congress gave him - he understood how to manipulate them. |
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Increasing importance of Presidency |
created significant White House Staff - set up a separate Executive Office of the President - had several departments
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Fireside Chats |
explained policies to people as if he was chatting to them. He understood the power of the media and the importance of their support -He held "off the record" press meetings twice a week with selected reporters. He told them what was going on and sometimes through them 'on the record' information. |
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Who disliked FDR's policies? |
Wealthy business people, Republicans didn't like the enlarging powers of the presidents. During 1940 election - compared to Hitlor, Mussolini and Stalin. |
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What policies did the S.C rule as unconstitutional? |
NRA and AAA in 1937 as it took from the rich and gave to the poor |
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What did FDR want to do with the S.C |
increase the number of S.c judges in order to pack the court with his supporters. He proposed a new judges for every existing judge over 70 (six out of nine). Such an extreme violation of the theory of separation of powers - shocked his most ardent supporters - forced to abandon it |
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FDR's legacy |
Presidents had to tell the media and public about policy expected to be involved in the forming of policy and legislation. White House had more federal boards ad committees. Govt. and president - were not responsible for welfare |
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Impact of WW2 |
hauled USA out of the Depression. Assured USA in his fireside chats that USA would remain neutral. |
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WW2 - production |
Goods were supplied on a 'cash and carry' basis: Britain, where most war supplies went, did not get credit to pub supplies (it was banned by Neutrlaity Act) War Production boosted industry and farming - significant rise in employment. |
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Why is there a need for a new scheme with Britain |
By 1940 - Churchill told FDR he could not longer pay for its war goods= Congress unlikely to approve his overruling the Neutrality Acts to let UK have supplies on Credit |
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Lend-Lease Scheme |
lend Britain supplies, to be returned after the war - Congress passed this 1941 |
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What was the value of the Lend Lease Supplies at the end of the war? |
$51 billion |
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Destroyers-for-bases deal
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Allowed FDR to give Britain 50 naval destroyers in return for the use of bases in British held countries. |
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Why did USA enter WW2? |
Japan bombed the US fleet at Pearl Habour |
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effect of joining WW2 |
unemployment dropped within a year of the outbreak - USA had produced: $47 billion worth of war goods Industry profits rose from $17 million in 1940 to $29 million in 1943 working week extended and wages rose |
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How many died? |
400,000 (600,000 wounded or captured) 16 million went to fight |
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Presidential Leadership Styles |
P23 |
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Second Red Scare 1947- 1954
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took place in the context of the Cold War and the Korean War |
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climate of fear |
USSR spying on USA 48 - Elizabeth Bentley - told HUAC - she had been part of a Moscow spy led ring - three days later Whittaker Chambers told GUAC of other employees involved with Moscow |
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HUAC |
House of Un-American Activities Commission - set up in 1938 - investigated people of all 'un-american' activities - focused on communists |
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What happened if HUAC (FBI) investigated you for communist sympathies? |
lose your jobs - famous case - 1947 - 10 directors, scriptwriters and other Hollyowod workers took a stand - refused to answer questions when Called before HUAC - they were blacklisted - not employed - when many movie stars marched in protest to support them - hundreds were blacklisted |
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1947 - Loyalty Boards |
Truman used an executive order - set up Loyalty boards to investigate the loyalty of government employees. every employee was investigated. |
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high-profile trials
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Alger Hiss (1949) - advisor to FDR - found guilty at retrial Rosenbergs - found guilty in both cases -evidence was conflicting. |
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When did China become communist
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1949 (Truman lost China to Mao) |
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What was the china lobby? |
accused Truman o being repsobible because he did not give enough support to Chiang Kai-Shek - the leader of the Chinese government against the rebels. Truman had been advised not to as they were corrupt |
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Joseph McCarthy |
headed the Red Scare - he made an anti-communist speech to Republican women's group - announcing the name of 205 known communists in the State Department - he did not have a list - next day he changed the list to 57 then told the senate 81 |
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Tydings Committee |
set up to investigate his charges. the months that followed - he led investigations of suspects, his apparent conviction and use of speeches, interviews and television appeareances carried many ordinary people along with him. |
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Tydings Committee Report |
saying McCarthy;s accusations were a muddle of half-truths and lies. |
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McCarthy and televised debates |
his treatment on interviewees were so unreasonable that he lost support, the Senate passed a vote to censure against him - red scare died down |
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Anti-communist, 1954 - 1980 |
allowed FBI, to open letters, tap phones, bug offices and homes. ITs behaviour moving towards the repressive regime that the govt condemned. at the height of both scares - freedom of speech and expression was limited. |
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responses to communism in libraries |
1/3 of libations removed books such as the works of Karl Marx, to avoid being accused of communist sympthaties |
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What happened when Khruschchev visited USA in 59 |
met with demonstrations and banners saying "THE ONLY GOOD COMMUNIST IS A DEAD COMMUNIST" |
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Committee on the Present Danger, set up in 1950 |
press government to take a hard line in relations with communist countries |
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Liberalism |
took off under JFK, it meant - forward thinking, flexible, concernedabout welfare of people --> the values of the American Dream They supported equality, civil rights and socialwelfare and the govt. could improve things were prepared to limit individualliberties to help those in need Liked positive discrimination |
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Positive Discrimination |
preferential treatment given to minority groupsthat have suffered in order to redress inequality |
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5 minorities |
blacks, hispanics, American Indians, asians and women |
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Deep South |
parts of the South mainly given over to cotton plantations and so heavily dependent on slave labour before American Civil War. |
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What were the Democratic National Covnention's views on Vietnam |
divided aboutt the war - outside there were anti-war protests |
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Donald Peterson |
a delegate from the convention - led a 2,000 strong march against police brutality, calling on young protestors to join |
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Counter-Culture - Hippies |
wantedto loosen the tight family system and live in communal societies - believed inpeace and a simple way of life, rather that working hard within a system toearn more money to buy more and more goods - took drugs, supported a widersexual freedom |
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Woodstock Festival ' 69
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200,000 tickets sold for the combination of music and alternative culture 400,000 + came - music was loud, drugs freely available and sexual freedom expressed |
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Radical Student Groups |
change society in USA to produce a more equalworld closer to their view of the American Dream - wanted to end war in Vietnam - Students for a |
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SDS's Port Huron Statement (1962) |
denounced conventional politics as having forgotten the principle that all men are created equal and urged a return to equality. they rejected all forms of bigotry |
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Free Speech Movement |
led to a campaign at the Uni of California campus at Berkely in 1964 - protest escalated - during the two onrush it ran - over 700 students were arrested for protests and sit ins for the group CORE |
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1970 - Ohio National Guardsmen |
shot four unarmed student and injured nine during a student protest about the invasion of Cambodia - small extremely radical groups placed bombs |
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1970 - Madison army research base |
bomb detonated outside, it killed one researcher, injured four and caused $60 million of damage |
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conservatie reaction |
rejected traditional Christian values and patriotism |
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New Right
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to restore law and order and traditional values - Nixon campaigned on new right policies |
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Campus Crusade for Christ |
Bill Bright - an evangelic preacher = 1967 - who's campus crusade wentto campuses all over the USA, during 70's a religious right movement emergedthat campaigned for a return to traditional family values - move away from'liberal' policies such as abortion and contraception. Campagined to keep laws against homosexuality |
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UN |
formed at the end of WW2 - solve any disputes peacefully - USA founding member |
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Ideological Divide |
Cold War - countries that had been occupied by USSR during the war set up communist governments |
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Truman Doctrine |
Policy of containment |
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Marshall Plan
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a system of aid to war-torn counties, to prevent their takeover by communist regimes |
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Berlin Blockade
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USA broke the blockade by airlifting food into the city |
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NATO |
1949 - USA was one of the member countries of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation - members all agreed to respond to an attack on any on of them |
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Nuclear Defence |
When it was clear USSR had nuclear capability - US govt had seen to be preparing for nuclear war attack |
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Federal Defence Administration
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set up to organise evacuations, give out pamphlets with adivce such as wearing hats. Schools ran regularly duck and cover excercises |
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1956 Interstae Act road network
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designed for rapid evacuation of cities - but the federal state legilsatibe divide made a national system of defence difficult |
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Fallout Shelter Cost |
$1,300 (average family income was ($5,100/year) |
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The Arms Race
how many atomic bombs did US have from '47 - to '48 |
47 - 13 48 - 50 |
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arms race costs |
both sides stockpiled enough nukes to cause massive devastation (MAD - Mutually Assured Destruction) |
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Armed Services |
creation of a large, permanent military force affected by the domestic economy - cost money to run but provided jobs and was a major customer for many businesses -from food to fabric. |
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Hawks |
?? |
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Doves |
?? |
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Space Race
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view that the country that controlled space would win - ISSR scored a political win when it launched he first space craft in 57 -. |
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July 1969
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USA put the first Manon the moon - $25 billion |
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Growth of USA as a Cold War power changed the position of the president |
see below! |
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Power of President to go to war and make treaties |
without CONGRESS! - it grew with USA's involvenment of NATO and the UN Size and wealth of USA made it a world pwower - increasing nukes made it a super world power that could stand against USSR |
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1947 National Security Act
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reorganised US military forces under a new Defence Department based at Pentagon - size of armed forces was greatly enlarged after 1950 - as commander in chief, the president could move forces around without the permission of Congress |
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National Security Act created:
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CIA - Centarl Intelligence Agency - and National Security Council - both reporting to White House |
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Nuclear Weapons - who is responsible? |
President has the power to reach at want in case nuclear war happens at any moment |
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What treaties did Truman make after WW2? |
place permanent US bases in other counties ordered the Berlin Airlift of 48 went to Korea without Congress' consent (later presidents did this - JFK - Bay of Pigs - Cuba '61) |
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Korean War Plan |
keep the North Koreans in North Korea |
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Truman, press and the Korean War |
he agreed with a press reporter that it was UN police action - but was later criticised for not doing enough
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Impact of Korean War on domestic policy |
all domestic policy had to go through Congress |
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change of presidents role due to Korea? |
more freedom to act alone in foreign affairs - Cold War led to the expectation that USA should be involved in world affairs |
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1951 Elections |
Republicans gained 5 senate seats and 28 in the House of Representatives |
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how much was defence spending in the Korean War
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14% of US GNP |
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Media - lies about the president during Korea |
1950 headlines announced the president wanted to increase troops (true), use the draft (not true) and considered using the atomic bomb (not true) |
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Reporters in Korea |
200 reporters went - hard to regain media support for a 'limited war' |
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General MacArthur
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sacked in '51 - Truman had limited support, even though MacArthur openly criticised and disobeyed direct orders from Truman |
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Truman under pressure from the Republicans and Democrats to:
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scale up the war in Korea, to help nationalist sin Taiwan to fight the Chines and to take a harder line on communism everywhere |
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When were the first troops set to Vietnam? |
1961 - JFK |
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How did Vietnam affect domestic policy?
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spending contributed to rising inflation - created loss of credibility for the president and govt. |
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Draft |
1969 - men aged 18-26 - in a lottery to fight in Vietnam - sent draft cards game show element - to make selection fair - (on tv) |
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who tried to get excluded from drafts |
WASPs - send them abroad when they should be serving - it became symbolic for young men to burn their cards in anti-war protest - (it was a crime rinsed up to $10k and 5 years in prison) |
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VVAW
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Vietnam Veterans Against the War - began when 6 vets marched together in a peace demo in NY 1967 - soon had a membership of over 30,000 |
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PTSD
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no-one understood to.- got told to get on with their lives |
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Media coverage of Vietnam |
reporter increasingly reported on shocking stories like soldiers going into battle high on drugs |
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My Lai
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Massacre of an entire village of civilians |
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Agent Orange
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spraying the toxic defoliant on villages, not empty fields; |
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Walter Cronkite |
returned form Vietnam after Set Offensive - broadcast scathing criticism of the way the wr was being run - highly influential and respected - increased public reaction against the war |
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LBJ and Vietnam |
LBJ, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today? |
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why did America not leave the war |
difficult to leave without putting the South Vietnamese in danger |
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there was a notion of 'planned withdrawal' - what tainted it |
1975 - footage of the evacuation of Saigon, taking out US citizens and some South Vietnamese - leaving more N. Vietnamese reprisals |
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1960 - people's trust in government (%) |
70% |
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1974 - people's trust in government (%) |
less than 40% |
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What events damaged the confidence in government, 1968 |
Tet Offensive, Walter Cronkite, protests, MLK, anti-war march, Robert Kennedy assassination, LBJ forced to raise taxes, gun battle between black protestors and police in gun battle in Cleveland, Ohio, police use violence against tpeaceful demosntrators outside NAioanl Democratic Convention |
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Tet Offensive
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?? |
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Media |
FDR - media used to explain policies Truman - mishandled media - criticism grew 68 onwards - media uncovering govt. lies |
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Scandal
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Watergate - 72-74 - White Hosue and PRsdient Nixon - guilty of burglary and surveillance of political opponents. |
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Mishandling of events |
Vietnam - more involved in decision makings - army scandals and government mishandling. |
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White House Admin |
his staff took bribes and made deals without consulting the president |
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Social Factors
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riots following MLK's death, Chicago - became notorious for police violence Police and National Guard - increasingly violent with stunned protestors, National Guard killing of four students in 70 Voting Rights Act- let to many white democrats in southern States to vote Republican |
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presidents |
LBJ - put troops into Vietnam without Congress Nixon - bad communications and mismanagement of Watergate, Ford - pardoned Nixon Carter- politically inexperienced - marked by poor decisions and lack of flexibility. |
