The Cellular And Tissue Levels Of Organization

Front 1

cells

Back 1

the smallest level of organization in the body that exhibit life

Front 2

extracellular fluid

Back 2

also know as interstitual fluid, cell are surrounded by this watery medium

Front 3

cytoplasm

Back 3

separates the cell contents

Front 4

plasma membrane

Back 4

encloses the contents of a cell

Front 5

cytoplasm

Back 5

subdivided into; cytosol, a liquid; intracellular structures known as organelles

Front 6

water

Back 6

the principle fluid medium of the cell, make up 70% - 85%

Front 7

electrolytes

Back 7

inorganic chemical needed for cellular reactions, and the operation of some cellular control mechanisms

Front 8

most important electrolytes are:

Back 8

potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate

Front 9

proteins

Back 9

the second most abundant substance in most cell, constituting 10% - 20% of cell mass

Front 10

proteins

Back 10

considered the most important cell constituent because all the main metabolic processes; because contains the enzymes

Front 11

lipids

Back 11

consist of several different types of substances that share the common characteristic of being fat soluble

Front 12

carbohydrates

Back 12

very important to the nutrition of cells, but provide minimal structural support

Front 13

cytoplasm

Back 13

contains; endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosome, peroxisomes

Front 14

plasma membrane

Back 14

surround the cell, a very thin elastic structure composed primarily of proteins and lipids
determines what moves in and out of the celll

Front 15

nucleus

Back 15

- a large membrane bound structure
- control cener of the cell
- compose of protein and DNA

Front 16

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 16

a broad flattened network of interconnecting tubules that function in storage and transport

Front 17

rough endoplasmic reticula

Back 17

manufacture proteins for secretion and internal use
ribosome are attached

Front 18

smooth endoplasmic reticula

Back 18

manufacture lipids, carbs, and peroxisomes

Front 19

golgi apparatus

Back 19

-flattened membraneous sac stacked upon each other
- modifies, packages, and distributes protein and lipids

Front 20

mitochondria

Back 20

-small bean shaped structures with numerous infoldings
-cell powerhouse
-converts nutrients into cell energy (ATP)

Front 21

lysosome

Back 21

membrane-bound vesicular structures that pinch off from the golgi apparatus, and serve as intracellular digestive system

Front 22

peroxisomes

Back 22

membrane bound vesicles, formed from smooth endoplasmic reticula and are smaller than lysosomes
-contains enzymes that break down fatty acid and amino acids

Front 23

active transport

Back 23

requires energy, passive doesnt

Front 24

diffusion (passive transport)

Back 24

random movement of molecules results in net movement from areas of higher concentration to lower

Front 25

osmosis (passive transport)

Back 25

when substances pass directly through the membrane

Front 26

filtration (passive transport)

Back 26

when substances pass through holes in the cell wall

Front 27

facilated diffusion (passive transport)

Back 27

when substances pass through the membrane aided by carrier molecules

Front 28

active transport

Back 28

moving substance from a lower con. to high con. using atp

Front 29

phagocytosis (active transport)

Back 29

cell eating, eliminiation of harmful subs from the body

Front 30

pinocytosis (active transport)

Back 30

cell drinking, how cell take in substances

Front 31

tonicity

Back 31

property of a solution in reference to a particular membrane

Front 32

isotonic (tonicity)

Back 32

same concentration of salts as cells

Front 33

hypertonic (tonicity)

Back 33

higher concentration of salts than cell

Front 34

hypotonic (tonicity)

Back 34

lower concentration of salts than cells

Front 35

crenation

Back 35

cell shrinking

Front 36

lysis

Back 36

cause a cell to rupture by swelling

Front 37

histology

Back 37

the study of tissue

Front 38

connective tissue

Back 38

consist of cells separated, and contains various amounts of water, fibers, and hard minerals

Front 39

soft connective tissue

Back 39

comprised of adipose(fat) and fibrous connective tissue

Front 40

hard connective tissue

Back 40

comprised of cartilage and bone

Front 41

liquid connective tissue

Back 41

comprised of blood and lymph

Front 42

nervous tissue

Back 42

contains conductive cells known as neurons and support cells known as neurolglia

Front 43

muscle tissue

Back 43

has the ability to contract to produce movement

Front 44

skeletal muscle tissue

Back 44

responsible for body movement

Front 45

cardiac muscle tissue

Back 45

responsible for pumping blood through the circulatory system

Front 46

smooth muscle tissue

Back 46

forms the walls of hollow organs, the pupil of the eye

Front 47

epithelial tissue

Back 47

lining tissue

Front 48

simple (arrangement)

Back 48

single layer, involved in passive transport

Front 49

stratified (arrangement)

Back 49

consists of many layers, protective roll

Front 50

cuboidal (shape)

Back 50

square shaped cells with a larger cell volume, function is to secrete and absorb

Front 51

squamous(shape)

Back 51

flat and irregular shape, and function is in diffusion and filtration

Front 52

columnar (shape)

Back 52

which have a long and narrow shape, and whose function is to secrete and asborb

Front 53

inflammation

Back 53

coordinates the activities of tissue
swelling, redness, warmth, pain

Front 54

infection

Back 54

the presence of dammaged tissue

Front 55

repair

Back 55

involved with regeneration and replacement

Front 56

tissue inflammation

Back 56

occurs when tissues are damaged or in association with an immune response

Front 57

tissue repair

Back 57

begins with substitution of viable cells for dead cells through regeneration or replacement