The Cell, Histology, & The Integumentary System

Front 1

What is a pure substance composed of only one type of atom?

Back 1

An Element

Front 2

What is a combination of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds?

Back 2

A Molecule

Front 3

The smallest living entity.

Back 3

The Cell

Front 4

Draw the Living Matter Totem Pole.

Back 4

Cell→Tissues→Organs→Organ Systems→Organism

Front 5

What are the 4 Basic Types of Tissues?

Back 5

Epithelial Tissue, Connective Tissue, Muscle Tissue, and Nervous Tissue

Front 6

Two or more types of tissue organized to perform one or more particular functions aimed primarily towards maintaining homeostasis.

Back 6

Organs

Front 7

What is the main function of the skeletal system?

Back 7

To support and protect

Front 8

What does the Muscular System consist of?

Back 8

Smooth, Skeleton, and Cardiac Muscle

Front 9

Approximately 50% of our body is what kind of muscle tissue?

Back 9

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Front 10

What is the integumentary system?

Back 10

The skin

Front 11

What does the nervous system consist of?

Back 11

The brain and spinal cord, the central control centers, and bundles of long, wire-like cells called nerves.

Front 12

The cardiovascular system consists of what?

Back 12

The heart, blood vessels, lymphatics, and blood.

Front 13

What makes up the respiratory system?

Back 13

A series of tubes that lead from the mouth and nose into a highly branched network of increasingly smaller tubes that form small dead end air sacs in the substance of the lungs.

Front 14

What makes up the digestive system?

Back 14

The mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.

Front 15

What are the organs of the Urinary System?

Back 15

Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra.

Front 16

The glands and the hypothalamus that create hormonal stability are found in what organ system?

Back 16

The Endocrine System

Front 17

The thalamus and the lymphatics that enhance immunity are found in what organ system?

Back 17

The Lymphatic System

Front 18

How many different types of atoms are there?

Back 18

109

Front 19

How many atoms are found in the human body?

Back 19

26

Front 20

All Organic Molecules contain what element?

Back 20

Carbon

Front 21

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, make...

Back 21

Carbohydrates
NTK...make up only 1 to 3% of the body but cells depend on them for energy

Front 22

Carbon, Hydrogen, and small amounts of Oxygen make...

Back 22

Lipids (fats)
NTK... these are insoluble in water

Front 23

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen make...

Back 23

Proteins
NTK... most abundant and diverse

Front 24

Molecules that do NOT contain Carbon are...

Back 24

Inorganic Molecules

Front 25

The processes in which chemical bonds are broken, formed, or rearranged.

Back 25

Chemical Reactions

Front 26

Decomposition Reactions are...

Back 26

Chemical bonds within a larger reactant are broken down to produce two or more smaller substances. (Big→Small)

Front 27

Synthesis Reations are...

Back 27

new chemical bonds are created to join together two or more atoms or small molecules into a single larger molecule. (Reverse of Decomposition)

Front 28

Exchange Reactions are...

Back 28

Bonds are both broken and made as parts of the reactants are shuffled areound to form nesw products (Switch)

Front 29

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions...

Back 29

may involve decomposition, synthesis, or exchange reactions, and result in the change in the energy content of the reacting molecules. ( donating and accepting)

Front 30

What 3 structural features do all cells have in common?

Back 30

A cell or plasma membrane, a nucleaus that serves as the control or command center of the cell, and the cytoplasm which is the fluid of the cell.

Front 31

What are the four general functions of the Cell Membrane?

Back 31

Mechanical Barrier, Selective Gate Keeper, Chemical Receptor Sites,and Identify self from non self for immune function

Front 32

Characteristics of DNA...

Back 32

Contains the instructions for assembling all structural and functional proteins of the cell,duplicates before cell division.

Front 33

The fluid that contains the organelles of the cell...

Back 33

The cytoplasm

Front 34

The gel-like mass containing enzymes, ribosomes, transport vesicles, and various filaments and microtubules is the what?

Back 34

Cytosol

Front 35

Define the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Back 35

fluid-filled membranous system distributed extensively throughout the cytosol that functions primarily as a protein manufacturer.

Front 36

Smooth E.R.=

Back 36

a meshwork of tiny interconnected tubules

Front 37

Rough E.R=

Back 37

projects outward from the smooth ER as stacks of relatively flattened sacs

Front 38

Function of Enzymes

Back 38

help make chemical reactions happen faster

Front 39

Where do you find most of the peroxisomes? and what do they do?

Back 39

The kidneys and liver. house several powerful oxidative enzymes and contain most of the cell's catalase

Front 40

Golgi Complex=

Back 40

The post office.... modify, package, and distribute proteins.

Front 41

Lysosomes=

Back 41

Recycling center...break down old, damaged, opr dead cell parts or extracellular matierials that have been engulfed by the cell

Front 42

Mitochondria=

Back 42

Power plants..extract energy from the nutrients in food and transform it into a usable form to energize cellular activities.

Front 43

Small, hairlike structures on the cell that moves the material on the cell surface forward.

Back 43

Cilia

Front 44

Single, long, whiplike appendage used to move the cell through it's environment...

Back 44

Flagella

Front 45

Microtubules=

Back 45

help the cell maintain it's shape...also (1) transports secretory vesicles from one region of the cell to another (2) movement of specicialized cell projections, such as cilia and flagella; and (3) distribution of chromosomes during cell division through formation a mitotic spindle

Front 46

Molecular Movement=

Back 46

all molecules or ions are in continuous random motion as a result of heat (thermal) energy

Front 47

Passive Movements=

Back 47

diffusion along concentration gradients (high to low concentration)

Front 48

Osmosis=

Back 48

movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration of water molecules to an area of low concentration of WATER molecules

Front 49

Active movements=

Back 49

movements of molecules across cell membranes that require the cells to expend energy

Front 50

Carrier Mediated Transport=

Back 50

Valves carry things into the cell.. (require special carrier proteins int he membrane to transport small water soluble molecules into or out of the cell

Front 51

Vesicular Transport=

Back 51

Endocytosis ( vesicles carry into the cell) Exocytosis (vesicles carry out of the cell)

Front 52

Main points of glycolysis=

Back 52

The set of reactions that convert glucose molecules into pyruvate molecules.
☼ Occurs within the cytosol of the cell
☼Can occur without the presence of oxygen-anaerobic energy production
☼Produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
☼The glycolytic pathway has a dual role. It degrades glucose to produce ATP and it provides building blocks for the cell.
☼1 ATP moves one muscle fiber
☼There are anywhere from 100,000 to a million muscle fibers in the bicep alone

Front 53

Energy production cycle in the mitochondria (Tricarboxylic acid cycle or Kreb's cycle or Citric Acid Cycle)

Back 53

☼This process takes place in the mitochondria of the cell
☼Requires oxygen to proceed-aerobic energy production
☼More efficient-produces 36 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
☼IT also serves as a source of building blocks for biosynthesis