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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why do cells divide?
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1. Fundamental aspect of cell life.
2. Development- cells are the subunits of structures 3- Cells in an organism have limited lifespans and must be replaced 4. Tissue-specific functions- cells are tools for expansion and shape |
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Which cells divide?
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1. Some cells divide constantly- gut epithelium, hair follicles, RBCs
2. Some cells only dvide when needed- wounds and lymphocytes 3. Some cells do all their dividing before birth- neurons, oocytes 4. Some cells divide when they're not supposed to - Cancer |
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How long is M phase?
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80 minutes
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Standard cell life cycle
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G1-S-G2-M- cytokinesis
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Interphase description
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G1-G2, G0 is quiescence resting
S-phase DNA synthesis, prior to G2 punctuated equilibrium |
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What goes on the whole time regardless of stage?
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-Protein synthesis, degredation continue
-RNA transcription and translation goes on -Centrosome duplication, histone production, enzymes, cyclins |
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Description of G1
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cells grow and make protein, carbs, lipids
moniter size and environment for cues Entry to s phase means replication no matter what |
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S-phase description
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DNA synthesis/polymerase
Histone production and other chrome proteins |
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G2 description
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check quality of DNA replication and allow synthesis of mitosis proteins and mitosis
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How is cell cycle controlled?
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Cyclin-dependent protein Kinases (cdk) have serine and threonine
-cyclins bind to cdk and activate -through phosphorolation controls cell cycle cdk can also be suppressed by phosphorylation and other inhibitory proteins for fine tuning |
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Goal is to accurately partition which cell contents to daughter cells?
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organelles, cytosol, membranes
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Prophase
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Centrosomes separate, DNA condenses into chromatids
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Prometaphase
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Nuclear Envelope Breakdown and Spindle Formation.
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Metaphase
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Congression and chromosome alignment
microtubules and kinesin make fine adjustments to get just right spindle rotates 90 degrees |
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Anaphase A and B
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A- chromatid separation
B- spindle elongation |
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Telophase
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chromosome decondensation and nucleus reformation
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cytokinesis
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division into 2 cells
generation of cleavage furrow along the metaphase plate contractile ring of actin and myosin 2 does the work |
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3 kinds of microtubules
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kinetocore, polar, astro
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Disorders of cartilaginous template
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Campomelic Dysplasia
Ellis-van Creveld Cleidocranial Dysplasia Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis |
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Campomelic Dysplasia
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SOX9 mutation, linked to SRY gene
Auto Dominant Sex reversal in men dwarfism, flat face, hypoplastic scapula curved long bones- fibia, tibia congenital heart defect ears malformed, large head narrow chest and bad breathing hydronephrosis, medulla cystic disease hydrocephalus, arrhinencephaly |
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Ellis Van Creveld
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short statue
polydactlyly hypoplasia of nails natal teeth congeniatl heart disease autosomal recessive inheritance |
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Cleidocranial Dysostosis
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Delayed ossification of cranial structures- soft spot on head
defect of clavical normal intelligence delayed teeth Autosomal dominant |
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Defects when cartilage is replaced by bone
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Osteogenesis imperfecta
stickler syndrome kniest dysplasia achondrogenesis chondrodysplasia punctata |
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Overview of Osteo Imperfecta
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Autodominant inheritance
1/20,000 live borns bone fragility after mild trauma collagen abnormality stapedial fixation- ears bad Treated with HGH, Biphosphonate therapy- pamidronate- increase bone density |
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Osteo Imperfecta I
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Most common
Blue sclera dental problems hearing loss in 20s, 30s fractures before puberty |
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Osteo Imperfecta II
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Lethal neonatally
prenatal fractures small chest wall small stature Detect w/ echogenecy of bones, abnormal long bones, rib cage problems, amniocentesis |
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Osteo Imperfecta III
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Very small in statue
Fractures at birth common Severe hearing loss early loose joints and poor muscle development barrel-shaped rib cage |
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Osteo Imperfecta IV
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Pre-pubertal fractures
normal sclera problems w/teeth spinal curvatures loose joints |
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Stickler Syndrome
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Pierre Robin Sequence- cleft palate, micrognathia and glossopteris
Flat face Severe myopia w/ retinal detachment bone anomalies Autosomal Dominant |
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Achondrogenesis I
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Auto Recessive
large head, flat nose bridge short neck barrel shaped thorax congenital heart defects- PDA,ASD, VSD short, flipper-like limbs DDST gene abnormal |
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Achondrogenesis II
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large head
short neck bell shaped thorax COL2A1 gene abnormal |
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Chondrodysplasia punctata
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Auto-recessive
abormality in peroxisome metabolism shortening of proximal bones resp problems, cardiac defects, diaphragmatic hernia infectios Retardation, no feeding, sitting, speaking, hearing problem, curvature |
