The Cell: Anatomy, Division, Mechanisms And Permeability

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Cell

Back 1

The structural and functional unit of all living things

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The 3 major regions or parts on the cell?

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1. Nucleus
2. Plasma membrane
3. Cytoplasm

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Nucleus

Back 3

Contains genetic material, DNA. Often called the control center of the cell

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Chromatin

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Structures in the nucleus that carry the hereditary factors.

When not dividing the genetic material is loosely dispersed in the nucleus in a threadlike form

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Chromosomes

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When the cell is in the process of dividing to form a daughter cell the chromatin coils and condenses forming dense, darkly stained rod like bodies.

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Nucleoli

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Composed primarily of proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA) They are assembly sites for the ribosomal particles.

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Nuclear envelope

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A double layered porous membrane that binds the nucleus

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Nuclear pores

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They permit easy passage of protein and RNA molecules

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Plasma Membrane

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Provides protective barrier for cell.
It's main structural building blocks or phospholipids (fat), protein and carbohydrate.
Plays active roll in selective permeability.

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Selective Permeability

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The passage/transport thought the plasma membrane.

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Name 2 types of "selective permeability" or transport through the plasma membrane?

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1. Active- the cell most provide the energy (adenosinetriphosphate; ATP)

2. Passive - the process is driven by concentration or pressure differences.

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Cytoplasm

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It surrounds the nucleus. It is the major site of most activities in the cell.

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Ogranelles

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They are the metabolic machinery of the cell and they are highly organized to carry out specific functions.

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Ribosomes

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Roughly spherical bodies composed of RNA and proteins.

They are the actual site of protein synthesis.

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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Its a highly folded system of membranous tubules and sacs.
It provides a system of transport of cellular substances from one part if the cell to another.
It exists in two forms; a particular cell may have both or only one.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum exists in 2 forms?

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1. Rough ER
2. Smooth ER

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Rough ER

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Is studded with ribosomes. It's cisternae (sacs) modify and store protein and dispatch them to areas of the cell.

The amount of rough ER is closely correlated with the amount of protein a cell manufactures and is especially abundant is cells that make protein for export. For example the pancreas.

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Smooth ER

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Is highly present in cells that produce steroid-based hormones. It's also abundant in cells that are active in metabolism and detoxification.

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Golgi Apparatus

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Is a stack of flattened sacs that play a role in packaging proteins or other substances for export from the cell

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Lysosomes

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Various-sized membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes; function to digest worn out cell or foreign substances that enter the cell.

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Peroxisomes

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Small lysosome-like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and other harmful chemicals.

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Mitochondria

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Generally rod shaped bodies with double-membrane wall; contains enzymes that oxidize foodstuff and produce cellular energy (ATP) often referred to as the "powerhouses of the cell".

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Centrioles

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Paired, cylindrical bodies lie right angles to each other, close to the nucleus; direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division.

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diffusion

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is the movement of molecules
from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration

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Name the 3 Cytoskeletal Elements and their functions?

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1. Microfilaments; important in cell mobility
2. Intermediate Filaments: are stable elements composed of a variety of proteins and resist mechanical forces acting on the cell.
3. Microtubles: form the internal structure of the centrioles and help determine cell shape.

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Mitosis

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Nuclear cell division; two daughter nuclei that are genetically identical to the mother nucleus.

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Meiosis

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Specialized type of nuclear division that occurs only in reproductive organs.

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Early Prophase

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The onset of cell division. The chromatine threads coil and shorten to form densely staining, short, barlike chromosomes.

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Interpahse

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the period which cells grows and carries out it's usual activities.

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Early Prophase

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Mitosis begins, asters start forming around the centrioles. Chromatin threads coil and condense, forming barlike chromosomes.

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Late Prophase

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Centrioles are still moving away from each other the nuclear envelope fragments

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Metaphase

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Chromosomes start lining up in the middle

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Anaphase

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Chromosomes start to split and are gradually pulled toward that pole it faces

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Telophase and cytokinesis

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Final stage; the identical sets of chromosomes are at polar ends. New nuclei start to form

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Simple Diffusion

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The diffusion of solutes (particles dissolved in water)that pass through the membrane

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Osmosis

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The diffusion of water that pass throught the membrane

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Facilitated diffusion

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Certin molecules move through the membrane by 1. binds to protein carries 2. moves through water protien channels.

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Flitration

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Is a passive process by which water and solutes are forced through the membrane by hydrostatic pressure. Fliteration is not selctive; depends on pressure gradient and size of the membrane pores.

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Active processes

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Whenever a cell uses ATP to move substances across the membrane.

Front 40

Name two type of Active Processes

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1. Active Transport
2. Visicular Transport