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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The cell is what?
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The basic building block of the human body and makes all living things
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cells vary in
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size, shape and type
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The ____ cell is the smallest in the body while the ____ nerve is the longest cell
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sperm, sciatic
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____ cells cannot repair if they are damaged
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nerve
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What is the makeup of the body
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atom to molecules to cells to tissues to organs to systems to make the body
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Cells are formed from what?
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Chemicals and structures
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How many cells are in the body working together to allow for functioning?
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7.5 trillion
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All cells have what traits?
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Nucleus, organelles, cytoplasms, and cell membranes
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The plasma/cell membrane is _____ permeable meaning it does what? The most important thing for it.
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selectively, chooses what it wants to allow in
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The cell membrane also removes ____ and brings ____ in
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waste and nutrients
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Why does the cell membrane have identification/receptor markers?
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To identify it to keep from being killed
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the cell membrane is ___ of 10,000,000 of an ___ thick
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3 of an inch
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_____ makes up the cell membrane
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a bilayer sheet of phosolipids stabalized by cholesterol
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The phosolipid bilayers have a hydrophilic ____ and a hydrophobic ____, the ____ do not touch but the ____ do
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head, tail/s
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The cell membrane is represented in the _____ model and is ____ because it constantlty moves
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Fluid Mosaic model, fluid
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____ which is essentially cholesterol allows fluidity however if there is too much it is ____ and nothing can come inside
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sterols, rigid
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Transport methods in and out of the cell can be done in what two ways?
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Passive or active transport
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Passive transport has ____ types with it and are ____,_____,_____,_____
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four, DIffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis, and Filtration
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All passive transport moves ____ the gradient with ____ energy; area of ____ to _____
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down, no extra. high to low
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Diffusion is the process of moving ____ of the cell from a ____ to ____ concentrate area; constantly in motion
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out, high to low
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Faciliated diffusion is what?
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Helped diffusion of a substance across the membrane by a carrier protein
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Since proteins are not solublem, they can not cross the tail, another carrier of facilitated diffisuion is the ____ or the ____ if it is basing the substance by charge
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pore, gated channel/ion channel
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A pore is what?
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always open and and contains water soluble items
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A gated channel/ion are the ____ cells which have a current across the membrane they are either anim (- charge) or Catim (+charge)
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excitable cells, the muscles make them move.
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Osmosis is what?
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The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane
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In Osmosis what force pulls water across the membrane and where is it most located?
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The osmotic pressure, the side with greater concentration has more pressure
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Osmosis is concerned with _____ NOT volume and goes where?
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concentration, goes to the area with less watcr; doesn't matter about the number of solutes
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What is the difference between a solute and a solvent?
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A solute is dissolved, solvents do the dissolving
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What is filtration?
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Diffusion where small solutes are pushed across the membrane with force
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Why is filtration considered passive if it is being forced?
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It is not expending any energy
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What are the three solutions of the cell membrane?
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Hypotonic, Isotonic, and Hypertonic
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What is the difference between Iso-, Hypo-, and Hyper- tonic solutions?
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Hypertonic has more solutes so the water leaves the cell because of osmotic pressure, Hypo has less osmotic pressure so water moves into the cell, Iso has equal amounts of solute and no osmotic pressure (moves free)
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What are the three types of Active transport?
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Active transport pumps, Endocytosis and Exocytosis
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Active transport pumps require ____ to move ____ the gradient from ____ to ____?
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ATP, against, low to high
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In active transportation why is energy needed?
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Because the cell is trying to move substances into an area with high concentration
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What is one Active Transport Pump?
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The Sodium Potassium Pump
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What are the first step of the Sodium Potassium Pump?
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3 Sodium go into the channel
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What is the second step of the Sodium Potassium Pump?
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ADP is then added which breaks the two bonds and creates energy, which turns into ADP+Pi and leads to cell respiration ATP
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What is the rest of the process after step 2 in the sodium potassium pump?
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The channel opens, 4 NA^2 leaves which opens the outside, closing the inside and 2 K+ enter and move in which then close the outside and open the inside
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With the Sodium Potassium Pump what ALWAYS happens?
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3 sodium leave and 2 potassium protein come in
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What is Endocytosis?
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The intake of liquid and food when it is too large to move across the membrane
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What does Endocytosis need?
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It is active to it needs ATP
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The three types of endocytosis are what?
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Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor mediated endocytosis
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What is the difference between Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis?
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Phago is for solids, Pino is for water/liquids and receptor mediated uses receptor for a substance to bind to the cell surface to enter
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Receptor mediated endicytosis' traits are?
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lock and key fit, binds specifically and brings in specific things
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Exocytosis is what?
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Active transport OUT of the cell. The membrane surrounds a substance and forms a vesicle around it moving it to the cell membrane and then attaching the vesicle and shooting the substance out
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What is exocytosis used for?
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Waste and immunity, granules need to be released to kill bad things
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Five steps of Exocytosis are
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1. Binds, 2. Signals the Golgi, 3. Packages and buds, 4. Moves, 5. Exocytosis
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Exocytosis is what for binding?
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Signal mediated to bind specifically and causes signal transductions which sends signals to the Golgi to package and process so the vessicle can bud and goto a new spot where it will fuse and release contents
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For the sodium pump, the sodium goes ____, ____ sodium comes in (trick question!!!)
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sodium goes out, NO sodium comes in
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Phagocytosis is the process where
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the membrane goes out to engulf.... basically it is brought in by being swallowed
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Pinocytosis is brought in how?
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By a vesicle
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Receptor mediated endocytosis must have what
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Has to be coated with Clathrin
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What is clathrin?
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Clathrin is the coating of the vesicle for receptor mediated endocytosis
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What does clathrin do?
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It is the support structure of the vesicle, it stabalizes the membrane allowing it to bind and brings things in
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What if there were no clathrin?
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Without clathrin the weight of a substance would be too much for a cell
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What are the steps of receptor mediated exocytosis?
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1. Binding occurs 2. Signal to the Golgi 3. The Golgi Packages and buds the vesicle to be directed to a new spot 4. It moves to the cell membrane and fuses 5. Exocytosis occurs emptying the vesicle
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The signal mediated process of the receptor mediated exocytosis is when?
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an extracellular molecule activates a membrane receptor which causes signal transuction, it occurs when they bind
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The receptor mediated exocytosis is continuous because it is ______ so it will always be ____ and _____
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extracellular, made, released
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Altogether there are ____ types of active tranport in and out of cells
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five
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What are the five active types of transport?
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Active transport pump, two types of endocytosis which is phagocytosis, pinocytosis and two types of exocytosis which are receptor mediated and signal mediated
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