The Cardiovascular System (Cv)

Front 1

name the 4 components of the CVS

Back 1

1 blood

2 heart

3 circulatory sys

4 lymphatic sys

Front 2

define hemolymph

Back 2

components of blood

Front 3

name the 4 functions of blood

Back 3

1 transport

2 regulation

3 defence agst pathogens

4 blood clotting

Front 4

name the 4 things that blood transports

Back 4

1 gases in solution

2 nutrients

3 waste products

4 hormones and enzymes

Front 5

give 2 example for gases in sol transported by blood

Back 5

O2 carried from lungs to tissues

CO2 carried from tissues to lungs

Front 6

give 3 examples of nutrients transported by blood

Back 6

AAs, glucose, fatty acids carried fr GI tract to liver and other parts of body

Front 7

where are waste products carried to and what happens there?

Back 7

liver and kidneys - metabolised or excreted

Front 8

hormones and enzymes are carried from the ___ to the ___ ___

Back 8

glands to the target tissues

Front 9

blood helps to regulate 3 things. what are they?

Back 9

1 vol and osmotic pressure

2 body temp

3 acid/base balance

Front 10

how does blood fight agst pathogens?

Back 10

WBCs and other immune compounds

Front 11

name the 2 things that blood clotting prevents

Back 11

excessive blood loss

entry of pathogens through wounds

Front 12

explain osmotic/oncotic pressure

Back 12

without the ions and proteins in the blood vessels in the blood vessels, the water would osmose out of the blood vessels and into the cells, usually in the subcut zones (this is known as ascites)

Front 13

what is the pH range of blood?

Back 13

pH 7.35 to 7.45

Front 14

blood contains ___ to ___% plasma, which contains about ___% water

Back 14

55 to 70, 90

Front 15

what does plasma contain? (___ being ___ from ___ to ___)

Back 15

substances being transported from one part of the body to another

Front 16

give 6 examples of these substances

Back 16

1 nutrients

2 waste products

3 hormones

4 enzymes

5 antibodies

6 antigens

Front 17

blood also contains mineral salts. name the 3 functions of these mineral salts (the mineral salts don't necessarily serve all 3 functions)

Back 17

1 essential for other organ systems

2 act as buffers of pH

3 maintain osmotic balance

Front 18

give 6 examples of these mineral salts

Back 18

sodium Na(+)

chloride Cl(-)

potassium K(+)

calcium Ca(2+)

magnesium Mg(2+)

bicarbonate HCO3(-)

Front 19

name the 4 types of plasma proteins

Back 19

1 albumin

2 fibrinogen

3 prothrombin

4 immunoglobins

Front 20

state the function of albumin

Back 20

albumin prevents water in blood vessels from "leaking" out into extracellular spaces

(loss of water -> dcr in blood vol _> dcr in blood pressure)

Front 21

state the function of fibrinogen and prothrombin (and what they form)

Back 21

involved in clotting mechanism

fibrinogen forms fibrin

prothrombin forms thrombin

Front 22

what is so special about a mammal's erythrocytes compared to its other cells?

Back 22

erythrocytes are biconcave discs with no nuclei

Front 23

explain the pale region in the erythrocyte shown in the diagram

Back 23

erythrocytes have a pallor which is thinner and therefore contains less haemoglobin to stain red

Front 24

what is haemoglobin and why does it make erythrocytes red?

Back 24

it is a pigment in the erythrocytes which binds to oxygen

it contains a heme group which contains iron and thus gives the molecule its red colour

Front 25

under a microscope, how can one tell apart an erythrocyte from other cells?

Back 25

erythrocytes are red and they are the most numerous type of cell

Front 26

what does "haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen" mean?

Back 26

haemoglobin takes up oxygen v readily

Front 27

oxygen bonds to haemoglobin to form ___

Back 27

oxyhaemoglobin

Front 28

explain the Bohr effect

Back 28

in areas of CO2 conc, affinity of Hb to O2 is reduced -> Hb readily gives up its O2 in respiring tissues where O2 is needed most

Front 29

why is CO poisoning v lethal?

Back 29

Hb preferentially bonds to CO to form carboxyhaemoglobin

Front 30

define erythropoiesis

Back 30

the process of making erythrocytes. old RBCs are replaced by new ones from bone marrow in a never-ending cycle

Front 31

what happens to old RBCs after they die?

Back 31

broken down to recycle iron from the heme OR heme is converted into bilirubin

Front 32

what is bilirubin?

Back 32

a yellow-green substance found in bile

Front 33

which organ is esp active in removal of RBCs? (and what 3 types of RBCs does it remove?)

Back 33

spleen

old, dead, defective

Front 34

name the 2 differences b/w erythrocytes and leukocytes (WBCs)

Back 34

1 leukocytes are bigger than erythrocytes when mature

2 leukocytes contain nuclei

Front 35

name the 2 types of leukocytes

Back 35

1 granulocytes

2 agranulocytes

Front 36

name the 3 types of granulocytes and what makes them so special (comp to agranulocytes in terms of their nuclei)

Back 36

1 neutrophils

2 eosinophils

3 basophils

they are polymorphonuclear (nuclei are segmented)

Front 37

name the 2 types of agranulocytes and one distinguishing feature of each one

Back 37

1 lymphocytes

2 monocytes

lymphocytes have a single rounded nucleus

monocytes are pleomorphic (varying in shape) and have non-segmented irregular nuclei

Front 38

this leukocyte contains granules that stain neither with blue alkaline stain nor red acid stain

Back 38

neutrophil

Front 39

a mature neutrophil can have ___ to ___ nuclear segments joined by a strand of ___

Back 39

2 to 5, chromatin

Front 40

-neutrophil released from bone marrow bef maturing

-horseshoe shaped nucleus without segmentation

Back 40

band neutrophil

Front 41

neutrophils contain ___ which have ___ ___ that can destroy pathogens and they can respond ___ --> they are ___

Back 41

lysosomes; digestive enzymes; quickly; phagocytes

Front 42

eosinophils have granules that stain which dye what colour?

Back 42

acid dye red

Front 43

what role does a eosinophil play and how does it combat antigens?

Back 43

mediates allergic rxns

also effective agst parasitic worm & protozoa infections

combats antigens by phagocytosis (eats them)

Front 44

basophils contain granules that stain which dye what colour?

Back 44

alkaline dye blue

(B-asophil, B-asic dye, B-lue stain)

Front 45

what is the shape of a eosinophil's nucleus?

Back 45

spectacle- shaped

Front 46

presence of eosinophils usually indicates 2 things. what are they?

Back 46

1 parasitic infections

2 allergic rxns

Front 47

basophils are the ___ observed blood cells in a blood smear

Back 47

least

Front 48

what is the only diff b/w basophils and mast cells?

Back 48

basophils are involved in humoral immunity whereas mast cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity

Front 49

define "humoral immunity"

Back 49

immunity that takes place in the bloodstream

Front 50

monocytes are the ___ most abundant type of WBC and also the ___ type of WBC. they are involved in ___ immunity

Back 50

3rd; largest; humoral

Front 51

where can monocytes be found and how do they combat antigens?

Back 51

"filter" organs (liver, spleen, lungs, lymph nodes)

they combat antigens by phagocytosis and sometimes form macrophages

Front 52

name the 3 differences between T-cells and B-cells

Back 52

1 T-cells mature in the thymus while B-cells mature in the bone marrow

2 T-cells take part in cell-mediated immunity while B-cells take part in humoral immunity

3 T-cells are for general immunity whereas B-cells recognise and target specific antigens

Front 53

platelets/thrombocytes are actually ___ of ___ released from giant ___ in the bone marrow

Back 53

fragments of cytoplasm; megakaryocytes

Front 54

what purpose do platelets serve?

Back 54

they are an essential part of haemostasis (blood clotting)

Front 55

define "cell-mediated immunity"

Back 55

immunity that takes place in cells

Front 56

what role does the basophil play and how does it combat antigens?

Back 56

initiates allergic rxns

degranulates

Front 57

explain the 1st step of haemostasis (hint)

Back 57

platelets stick to damaged blood vessel and each other to form a haemostatic plug, then release an enzyme called thromboplastin

Hint 57

involves platelets

Front 58

explain the 2nd step of haemostasis (hint)

Back 58

in the presence of thromboplastin and Ca(2+) ions, prothrombin is converted to thrombin

Hint 58

presence of ___ and ___

p->t

Front 59

explain the 3rd step of haemostasis (hint)

Back 59

thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin which forms a meshwork to trap blood cells and forms a clot -> seals blood vessels and forms a scab over time

Hint 59

f->f

meshwork

___ blood vessels and forms ___

Front 60

where is prothrombin formed and what is needed for the production of prothrombin?

Back 60

liver; vit K

Front 61

the heart is enclosed in a double-layered sac called the ___

Back 61

pericardium (peri -> around, cardium -> heart)

Front 62

name the space b/w the 2 serous layers of the pericardium and the fluid it contains

Back 62

pericardial cavity, pericardial fluid

Front 63

name the thin membrane covering the whole internal surface of the heart

Back 63

endocardium

Front 64

name the muscular layer b/w the epicardium and the endocardium

Back 64

myocardium

Front 65

the R and L atria are divided by the ___ ___

Back 65

interatrial septum

Front 66

the R and L ventricles are divided by the ___ ___

Back 66

interventricular septum

Front 67

what is the function of the two sets of valves within the chambers of the heart?

Back 67

they prevent backflow from the ventricles to the atria

Front 68

- lies b/w the R atrium and R ventricle

- consists of 3 cusps/flaps

Back 68

R atrioventricular valve/tricuspid valve

Front 69

- lies b/w the L atrium and ventricle

- consists of 2 cusps/flaps

Back 69

L atrioventricular/bicuspid/mitral valve

Front 70

free edges of the AV valves are attached to ___ muscles of the walls of the ___ by fibrous threads called ___ ___

Back 70

papillary; ventricles; chordae tendinae

Front 71

the AV valves close when the ___ are full to prevent ___ of ___ into the ___

Back 71

ventricles; full; backflow; blood; atria

Front 72

the ___ ___ prevent the valves from ___ as blood is pressed agst them when ventricles ___

Back 72

chordae tendinae; erverting (turning inside out); contract

Front 73

___ of the AV valves produces the "___" sound

Back 73

closure; lub

Front 74

name the sets of valves at the base of the major vessels leaving the ventricles

Back 74

semilunar valves

Front 75

what is the function of the semilunar valves?

Back 75

prevent backflow of blood from vessels back into ventricles

Front 76

the semilunar valves are composed of ___ ___-___ shaped cusps

Back 76

3 half-moon (thus the name semilunar)

Front 77

___ of the semilunar valves produces the "___" sound

Back 77

closure; dub

Front 78

how many types of semilunar valves are there and what are they?

Back 78

2; pulmonary/pulmonic valve; aortic valve

Front 79

where is the pulmonary valve located?

Back 79

lies at the base of the pulmonary artery as it leaves the R ventricle

Front 80

where is the aortic valve located?

Back 80

lies at the base of the aorta as it leaves the L ventricle

Front 81

mammals and birds have a double circulatory sys. this means that the R atrium and ventricle are resp for the pulmonary circulation of ___ blood, and... (next card)

Back 81

pulmonary; deO2ated

(from R a&v to lungs then back to L a&v)

Front 82

the L atrium and ventricle are resp for the ___ circulation of ___ blood

Back 82

systemic; O2ated

(from L a&v to body then back to R a&v)

Front 83

deO2ated blood from the head region and thoracic limbs flow back to heart via ___ ___ ___ to __ atrium

Back 83

cranial vena cava; R

Front 84

deO2ated from trunk and pelvic limbs flow back to heart via ___ ___ ___ to __ atrium

Back 84

caudal vena cava; R

Front 85

the R ventricle empties blood into the ___ ___, from which this deO2ated blood enters the lungs and picks up O2. from the lungs, the O2ated blood is carried in the ___ ___ to the L atrium

Back 85

pulmonary artery; pulmonary veins

Front 86

the L ventricle pumps the O2ated blood through the ___, which distributes the blood to the body tissues via a network of ___ and ___

Back 86

arteries and capis

Front 87

when the atria contract, is there a corresponding contraction/relaxation of the ventricles?

when the ventricles contract, is there a corresponding contraction/relaxation of the atria?

Back 87

no

yes (relaxation)

Front 88

the period of contraction is termed ___ while the period of relaxation is termed ___

Back 88

systole; diastole (the Cat is Scared of the Red Dog)

Front 89

define "cardiac output"

Back 89

vol of blood pumped by heart per min

Front 90

define "stroke vol"

Back 90

vol pumped by heart in one contraction

Front 91

define "heart rate"

Back 91

no. of contractions per min

Front 92

therefore give the word eqn of cardiac output

Back 92

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

Front 93

what is resp for initiating and coordinating the heartbeat?

Back 93

the conduction sys

Front 94

name the pacemaker of the heart

Back 94

sinoatrial node

Front 95

the sinoatrial node is an area of ___ ___ ___ cells in the wall of the ___ ___, near its junction with the ___ ___ ___

Back 95

modified cardiac muscle

R atrium

Cr VC

Front 96

the impulse to contract starts at the sinoatrial node and the ___ of ___ spreads across the ___ -- this is known as atrial ___

Back 96

wave of contraction; atria; atrial systole

Front 97

since the myocardium of the ventricles is separated from the atria by the fibrous skeleton, the impulse from the atria must pass thru a specialised group of cardiac muscle cells in the ___ ___

Back 97

atrioventricular node

Front 98

the atrioventricular node sends the impulse along the ___ of ___, a specialised bundle of fibres which runs down the ___ ___

Back 98

bundle of His; interventricular septum

Front 99

the bundle of His then divides into the R and L branches which spread out into the 2 ___

Back 99

ventricles

Front 100

the branches of the bundle connect with a specialised network called the ___ ___ which carry the impulse thru the ___ ___

Back 100

Purkinje fibres; ventricular muscles

Front 101

as the wave of contraction spreads upwards towards the ventricles, blood is pushed through the ___ ___ and the ___ -- this is known as ventricular

Back 101

pulmonary artery; aorta; ventricular systole

Front 102

name the band of muscle running across the lumen of the R ventricle and containing the R branch of the bundle of His fibres that provides a shortcut for the impulse

Back 102

trabecula septomarginalis

Front 103

what is the purpose of the trabecula septomarginalis?

Back 103

provides a shortcut for impulse --> ensures that all muscle cells of ventricles contract simultaneously

Front 104

majority of arteries carry ___ blood exc the ___ artery which transports ___ blood to the ___

Back 104

O2ated; pulmonary; deO2ated; lungs

Front 105

name the 3 layers of an arterial wall (from deep to superficial)

Back 105

- tunica intima

- tunica media

- tunica adventitia

Front 106

what does the tunica intima consist of?

Back 106

endothelial lining continuous throughout circulatory sys

Front 107

what does the tunica media consist of?

Back 107

smooth muscle and elastic tissue

Front 108

what does the tunica adventitia consist of?

Back 108

collagen and elastic fibres

Front 109

the elastic nature of the arterial walls allows them to ___ or ___ and enables them to withstand blood under high ___ as it ___ the heart

Back 109

dilate; constrict; pressure; leaves

Front 110

as the arteries enter the tissues, they give off side or ___ vessels which link up with each other to form a network (aka ___)

Back 110

collateral; anastomosis

Front 111

what is the purpose of the anastomoses?

Back 111

if any of the branches gets obstructed, the blood has an alt route thru the tissue and the cells will still rcv O2 and nutrients

Front 112

some organs (eg. brain, heart, kidney) lack anastomoses but inst have ___ ___

Back 112

end arteries

Front 113

end arteries form a similar pattern to the branches of a tree (branch but never join up) --> prevents dmg by sudden ___ in ___ ___

Back 113

drop in blood pressure

Front 114

if an end artery is occluded, (eg. by a blood clot) the result could be ___

Back 114

fatal

Front 115

as the distributing arteries branch off in the tissues, they become ___ and ___ and are called ___

Back 115

smaller; narrower; arterioles

Front 116

veins have relatively ___ walls and usually carry ___ blood back to the heart under ___ pressure, exc the ___ vein which transports ___ blood to the heart

Back 116

thin; deO2ated; low; pulmonary; O2ated

Front 117

veins have similar wall structure to arteries but have fewer ___ ___ and ___ ___

Back 117

smooth muscle; elastic fibres

Front 118

some veins carry blood agst the pull of ___ and have ___ ___ to prevent backflow of blood. ___ of surrounding muscles also helps to squeeze blood along veins

Back 118

gravity; semilunar valves; contraction

Front 119

what are smaller veins known as?

Back 119

venules

Front 120

capis consist of a single layer of ___ cells

Back 120

endothelial

Front 121

exchange of ___, uptake of ___ and removal of ___ ___ take place at capis in tissues

Back 121

gases; nutrients; waste products

Front 122

name the network of capis extending bw the arterioles and venules within tissues

Back 122

capi bed

Front 123

name the 2 major arteries of systemic circulation

Back 123

1 aorta

2 coronary arteries

Front 124

name the 3 segments of the aorta

Back 124

1 ascending aorta

2 aortic arch

3 descending aorta

Front 125

ascending aorta angles ___ as it leaves the __ ___ (hint)

Back 125

dorsocranially; L ventricle

Hint 125

ascends ___-___ (two directions)

Front 126

the ascending aorta then continues as the ___ ___, then turns ___ as the ___ ___, which is divided into the ___ and ___ sections

Back 126

aortic arch; caudally; descending aorta; thoracic and abdominal

Front 127

name the 5 branches that the abdo aorta gives off and state if they are paired or unpaired

Back 127

1 unpaired celiac artery

2 unpaired cranial mesenteric artery

3 unpaired caudal mesenteric artery

4 paired ovarian/testicular arteries

5 paired renal arteries

Front 128

what does the celiac artery supply?

Back 128

stomach, spleen, liver

Front 129

what does the Cr mesenteric artery supply?

Back 129

sml intestine

Front 130

what does the Cd mesenteric artery supply?

Back 130

lrg intestine

Front 131

what do the ovarian/testicular arteries supply?

Back 131

female/male gonads respectively (ovaries/testicles)

Front 132

what do the renal arteries supply?

Back 132

kidneys

Front 133

abdo aorta terminates to become the ___ ___ which supplies the ___

Back 133

Cd artery; tail

Front 134

the coronary arteries branch off the ___ to provide blood supply to the ___ cells

Back 134

aorta; cardiac

Front 135

the coronary arteries run in ___ on the surface of the heart tgt with corresponding ___ ___

Back 135

grooves; coronary veins

Front 136

name the 4 major veins of systemic circulation

Back 136

1 Cr VC

2 Cd VC

3 coronary veins

4 hepatic portal sys

Front 137

the Cr VC returns deO2ated blood fr the ___, ___ and ___ to the heart and receives blood from the ___ veins and the ___ veins

Back 137

head, neck, forelimbs; jugular; subclavian

Front 138

the jugular veins run down either side of the ___ surface of the ___ in the ___ ___ and drain the ___

Back 138

ventral; neck; jugular furrow; head

Front 139

the subclavian veins collect blood from the veins of the ___, the main ones being the ___ vein from the deeper tissues and the ___ vein from the superficial tissues

Back 139

forelimbs; brachial; cephalic

(Big Dog Chases Snakes)

Front 140

the Cd VC returns deO2ated blood from the ___ region, ___ and ___ ___

Back 140

pelvic region, hindlimbs, abdo viscera

Front 141

the coronary veins run in the cardiac grooves tgt with the coronary arteries and they join to form the ___ ___ which then empties into the ___ ___

Back 141

coronary sinus; R atrium

Front 142

name the artery that leads to the liver and its corresponding vein

Back 142

1 hepatic artery

2 hepatic portal vein

Front 143

the hepatic portal vein carries blood loaded with ___ from the ___ ___ to the liver, where they will be ___

Back 143

nutrients; digestive tract; metabolised

Front 144

the blood within the hepatic portal sys passes thru 2 capi beds bef returning to the heart - one is in the ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ and the other is in the ___

Back 144

organs in the digestive tract; liver

Front 145

the blood in the liver ultimately drains into the ___ ___ which join the ___ ___ ___

Back 145

hepatic veins; Cd VC

Front 146

the L and R common carotid arteries carry O2ated blood to the ___

Back 146

brain

Front 147

the L and R subclavian arteries carry O2ated blood to the L and R ___

Back 147

forelimbs

Front 148

the L and R iliac arteries supply O2ated blood to the ___

Back 148

hindlimbs

Front 149

the brachiocephalic trunk extends ___ from the aorta and supplies the L and R ___ ___ arteries but only supplies the ___ ___ artery

Back 149

cranially; common carotid; R subclavian

Front 150

the Cd artery supplies O2ated blood to the ___

Back 150

tail

Front 151

the L and R ext and int jugular veins carry deO2ated blood from the ___ back to the heart

Back 151

brain

Front 152

the azygous vein carries deO2ated blood from the ___/___ ___

Back 152

abdo/chest walls

Front 153

during ___ or pregnancy, the ___ of the dam carries out roles that are later performed by the ___, ___ and ___ ___

Back 153

gestation; placenta; lungs; kidneys; digestive tract

Front 154

the placenta provides ___ and ___ and removes ___ ___

Back 154

oxygen; nutrients; waste products

Front 155

the umbilical vein carries ___ blood and ___ ___ from the placenta to the foetus, passing to the ___ ___

Back 155

oxygenated; metabolised nutrients; foetal liver

Front 156

since the foetal liver is not functional, the ___ ___ shunts blood from the umbilical v directly to the foetal ___ ___ ___

Back 156

ductus venosus; Cd VC

Front 157

the umbilical arteries carry ___ blood and ___ ___ fr the foetus back to the placenta and into the ___ ___ of the dam

Back 157

deoxygenated; waste products; systemic circulation

Front 158

since foetal lungs are also not functional, the ___ ___ shunts blood from the ___ ___ directly into the ___, bypassing the lungs

Back 158

ductus arteriosus; pulmonary artery; aorta

Front 159

the ductus arteriosus closes at birth to become the ___ ___

Back 159

ligamentum arteriosus

Front 160

name the other opening that bypasses the lungs and lies between the R and L atria to shunt blood fr R side to L side of heart

Back 160

foramen ovale

Front 161

at birth, the foramen ovale closes and forms a remnant called the ___ ___

Back 161

fossa ovalis

Front 162

the lymphatic sys is resp for returning the ___ ___ ___ that has leaked out of the ___ to the ___ ___

Back 162

excess tissue fluid; capis; circulating blood

Front 163

the fluid of the lymphatic sys is called ___ and is sim to ___ but w/o the ___ ___ ___

Back 163

lymph; plasma; larger plasma proteins

Front 164

lymph contains more ___ than are present in blood

Back 164

lymphocytes

Front 165

one function of the lymphatic sys is to ___ ___ and other ___ ___ fr the ___ in specialised ___ ___ known as ___ ___

Back 165

remove bacteria; foreign bodies; lymph; filtering stations; lymph nodes

Front 166

another function is to transport the products of ___ ___ and the ___-___ ___ from the ___ of the ___ ___ to the circulation (hint)

Back 166

fat digestion; fat-soluble vits; lacteals; small intestine

Hint 166

fat

Front 167

name the 7 components of the lymphatic sys

Back 167

1 lymphatic capis

2 lymphatic vessels

3 lymphatic ducts

4 lymph nodes

5 spleen

6 thymus

7 tonsils

Front 168

lymphatic capis are the ___ of the lymphatic vessels. they are ___-___ ___ tubes which form ___ within the ___

Back 168

thinnest; thin-walled delicate; networks; tissues

Front 169

lymphatic capis merge to form larger lymphatic vessels, which have sim structure to ___ and possess numerous closely spaced ___

Back 169

veins; valves

Front 170

lymph flow is mainly ___ and relies on the ___ of surrounding muscles to move the lymph along

Back 170

passive; contraction

Front 171

the lymphatic vessels enter the larger lymphatic ducts which drain the lymph into ___ ___ leading to the ___

Back 171

blood vessels; heart

Front 172

the lymph nodes are ___-shaped masses of ___ tissue situated at intervals along the ___ ___. lymphatic vessels enter and leave the node

Back 172

bean-shaped; lymphoid; lymphatic vessels

Front 173

___ ___ and ___ are trapped within the ___ of the lymph node and are ___ by the ___ ___

Back 173

foreign particles; bacteria; meshwork; phagocytosed; phagocytic cells

Front 174

lymph nodes can be ___ (this is known as ___) which commonly indicates an ___ of the ___ ___

Back 174

enlarged; lymphadenopathy; infection; drainage region

Front 175

name the 5 palpable lymph nodes and where they reside

Back 175

1 submandibular - edge of angle of jaw

2 parotid - just Cd to temporomandibular joint

3 prescapular - 2 on each side lying just Cr to shoulder joint

4 inguinal - 2 on each side bw thigh and abdo wall, dorsal to mammary glands/penis

5 popliteal - within gastrocnemius muscle Cd to stifle joint

Front 176

the spleen is the ___ of the lymphoid organs and is closely attached to the ___

Back 176

largest; stomach

Front 177

the spleen is also a ___ organ, but isn't essential for life and can be removed

Back 177

haemopoietic

Front 178

the spleen acts as a ___ for ___, ___ and ___

Back 178

reservoir; lymphocytes; erythrocytes; platelets

Front 179

the spleen is also resp for the ___ of worn out RBCs - the phagocytic cells engulf and destroy the erythrocytes but preserve their ___ ___ for reuse in ___ ___ (hint)

Back 179

destruction; iron content; haemoglobin synthesis

Hint 179

last 2 blanks: which component of blood contains iron?

Front 180

spleen is also resp for removal of ___ ___ fr circulation

Back 180

particulate matter

Front 181

the thymus produces __-___ that give rise to ___-___ ___ ___ and thus is of great imptce to young animals as it begins to ___ at the time of ___ and eventually completely disappears

Back 181

T-cells; cell-mediated immune response; regress; puberty

Front 182

the tonsils form a ___ of ___ ___ ard the junction of the ___ with the ___ ___

Back 182

ring; lymphoid tissue; pharynx; oral cavity

Front 183

the tonsils act as the first line of defence agst microbes which enter the ___

Back 183

mouth