The Brain (Major Regions)

Front 1

Largest portion of the brain

Back 1

cerebrum

Front 2

Surfaces on the cerebrum are highly folded and covered by a superficial layer of gray matter know as what?

Back 2

neural (cerebral) cortex

Front 3

Gyri are a series of ridges produced by what?

Back 3

Folds of the cerebral cortex

Front 4

What are sulci and fissures?

Back 4

Depressions b/w gyri depending on depth

Front 5

The _________ is the seat of most ________ __________ functions, including thought, memory, ________, intellect and _________ movement.

Back 5

The cerebrum is the seat of most higher mental functions, including thought, memory, sensation, intellect and complex movement.

Front 6

2nd largest portion of the brain

Back 6

cerebellum

Front 7

The cerebellum is located ________ and _________ to the cerebrum.

Back 7

inferiorly / posteriorly

Front 8

A layer of gray matter covering the cerebellum

Back 8

cerebellar cortex

Front 9

Allows for repeated movements (coordinates complex somatic motor patterns)

Back 9

Cerebellum

Front 10

Located under the cerebrum

Back 10

Diencephalon

Front 11

The thalamus(L / R) and hypothalamus are found here

Back 11

diencephalon

Front 12

Contains relay and processing centers for sensory info

Back 12

L/R thalamus

Front 13

Has centers for emotions, autonomic function and hormone production

Back 13

hypothalamus

Front 14

What connects the pituitary gland to the diencephalon

Back 14

infundibulum

Front 15

_________ and ________ integrate the nervous and endocrine systems.

Back 15

hypothalamus / pituitary

Front 16

What connects the cerebral hemispheres to the brain stem?

Back 16

diencephalon

Front 17

Has processing centers which relay to and from the cerebrum and cerebellum

Back 17

brain stem

Front 18

Mesencephalon; Pons; Medulla oblongata

Back 18

3 parts of the brain stem

Front 19

Maintains conciousness

Back 19

mesencephalon

Front 20

Processes visual and auditory info

Back 20

mesencephalon

Front 21

GENERATION of somatic motor responses

Back 21

mesencephalon

Front 22

Pons connects __________ to brain stem

Back 22

cerebellum

Front 23

Contain relay centers, as well as __________ and __________ motor control.

Back 23

pons / somatic and visceral motor control

Front 24

Connects the brain to the spinal cord

Back 24

medulla oblongata

Front 25

The medulla oblongata relays __________ info to the __________ and other parts of the brain stem.

Back 25

sensory / thalamus

Front 26

__________ regulates __________ functions such as heart rate, blood pressure and digestion.

Back 26

Medulla oblongata / autonomic

Front 27

A hollow cylinder with a fluid filled cavity that is the origin of the CNS

Back 27

neural tube

Front 28

The fluid filled cavity portion of the neural tube

Back 28

neurocoel

Front 29

Prosencephalon; Mesencephalon; Rhombencephalon

Back 29

(3) primary brain vesicles

Front 30

Forebrain

Back 30

prosencephalon

Front 31

midbrain

Back 31

mesencephalon

Front 32

hindbrain

Back 32

rhombencephalon

Front 33

Part of the prosencephalon that forms the cerebrum

Back 33

telencephalon

Front 34

What are the 3 components of the diencephalon?

Back 34

epithalamus; thalamus; hypothalamus

Front 35

The rhombencephalon forms the ______________ and the myelencephalon.

Back 35

metencephalon

Front 36

Ventral portion becomes the pons, dorsal portion of the cerebellum

Back 36

metencephalon

Front 37

Dorsal portion forms the medulla oblongata

Back 37

myelencephalon

Front 38

______________ form with the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, metencephalon, and medulla. Lined by ______________ - which form a lining know as the ______________.

Back 38

ventricles / ependymal cells / ependyma

Front 39

The septum pellucidum is a medial partition that separates ______________ - found with each cerebral hemisphere.

Back 39

lateral ventricles

Front 40

The third ventricle is located in the ______________.

Back 40

diencephalon

Front 41

The third ventricle is connected to each lateral ventricle by an ______________ ______________.

Back 41

interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)

Front 42

Inferiorly, the ______________ extends into the superior portion of the medulla, where it narrows and becomes continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.

Back 42

fourth ventricle

Front 43

What does the aqueduct of the midbrain connect?

Back 43

third and fourth ventricle

Front 44

Aqueduct of Silvius, cerebral aqueduct

Back 44

other names for the aqueduct of the midbrain

Front 45

Ventricles are filled with ______________, which circulates from ventricles and central canal into subarachnoid space of ______________.

Back 45

CSF(cerebrospinal fluid) / cranial meninges

Front 46

Endosteal and meningeal

Back 46

The two layers of the dura mater

Front 47

Outer _____________ layer is fused to the _____________ of cranial bones and has no epidural space

Back 47

endosteal / periosteum

Front 48

Separated from inner _____________ (meningeal) layer by a slender gap containing tissue fluid, blood vessels and large venous sinuses which receive blood from cranial veins and drain it into the _____________.

Back 48

inner / internal jugular veins

Front 49

What forms a smooth layer over the brain which does not follow the brain folds?

Back 49

arachnoid mater

Front 50

The arachnoid mater consists of ______________ and ______________ that cross the subarachnoid space to the ______________.

Back 50

arachnoid membrane / arachnoid trabeculae / pia mater

Front 51

Pia mater sticks to the surface of the brain, anchored by ______________ (glia responsible for maintaining brain/blood barrier).

Back 51

astrocytes

Front 52

What follows every fold and penetrates surface of brain with cerebral blood vessels?

Back 52

Pia mater

Front 53

______________ extend into the cranial cavity, providing extra stabilization and support to brain.

Back 53

dural folds

Front 54

What are large collecting veins within dural folds?

Back 54

dural sinuses

Front 55

The falx cerebri projects b/w the cerebral hemispheres in the ______________. Attaches to the crista galli ______________, and ______________ posteriorly.

Back 55

longitudinal fissure / inferiorly / internal occipital crest

Front 56

The falx cerebri contains the superior and inferior ______________, and intersects posteriorly with the ______________.

Back 56

saggital sinuses / tentorium cerebelli

Front 57

What covers the cerebellar hemispheres and separates them from the cerebrum.

Back 57

tentorium cerebelli

Front 58

What contains the transverse sinus and lies at right angle to falx cerebri?

Back 58

tentorium cerebelli

Front 59

The falx cerebelli divides the ______________ hemispheres along the midsagittal line inferior to the tentorium.

Back 59

cerebellar

Front 60

______________ and CSF help protect the brain by acting as shock absorbers in the case of cranial trauma.

Back 60

cranial meninges

Front 61

What completely surrounds the exposed surface of the CNS?

Back 61

CSF

Front 62

______________ cushions delicate neural tissues; supports the brain; transports nutrients, chemical messengers & waste products.

Back 62

CSF

Front 63

______________ is a combination of specialized ependymal cells and permeable capillaries that produce CSF.

Back 63

choroid plexus

Front 64

A combination of ependymal cells and permeable capillaries that is found in the 3rd 4th and lateral ventricles.

Back 64

choroid plexus

Front 65

How many times a day is 150cc of CSF replaced, at total of 500ml/day?

Back 65

3 times/day

Front 66

CSF circulates from plexus through ventricles into central canal of ______________.

Back 66

spinal cord

Front 67

CSF reaches subarachnoid space through __ lateral apertures and __ median aperture in the roof of the fourth ventricle, then flows around the brain, spinal cord and ______________.

Back 67

1 / 2 / cauda equina

Front 68

What do arachnoid villi form?

Back 68

arachnoid granulations

Front 69

The arachnoid granulations penetrate the ______________ layer of the dura and extend into the superior venous sinus.

Back 69

meningeal layer

Front 70

What leads to the accumulation of excess CSF?

Back 70

hydrocephalus - a fault in the re-absorption of CSF

Front 71

The brain blood is supplied by ______________ arteries and vertebral arteries.

Back 71

internal carotid arteries

Front 72

What drains the dural sinues, which shunts blood out the cranium?

Back 72

internal jugular veins

Front 73

______________ also known as stroke is when the blood supply to a portion of the brain is hut off. Brain damage occurs within minutes.

Back 73

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Front 74

______________ cells lining the capillaries of the CNS are interconnected by ______________ that prevent diffusion of materials b/w adjacent endothelial cells.

Back 74

Endothelial cells / tight junctions

Front 75

BBB only allows ______________ soluble compounds to diffuse into the interstitial fluid of the brain and spinal cord.

Back 75

lipid

Front 76

The BBB is maintained by ______________ which cover the outer surface of endothelial cells.

Back 76

astrocytes

Front 77

The blood-CSF barrier in the choroid plexus, is maintained by specialized ______________ cells which cover the plexus capillaries.

Back 77

ependymal

Front 78

T/F: Glucose circulates freely, while NT's such as NE, EP, DA, SA are restricted to control stimulation of brain neurons.

Back 78

True

Front 79

Hypothalamus; neurohypophysis; pineal gland; choroid plexus

Back 79

the 4 exceptions of the BBB

Front 80

The pineal gland, a ______________ structure, is located on the posterior, superior surface of the diencephalon. The capillary permeability allows pineal secretions into the general circulation.

Back 80

endocrine

Front 81

Most inferior portion of the brain region

Back 81

medulla oblongata

Front 82

______________ provides attachment for 11 of the __ paired cranial nerves.

Back 82

medulla oblongata / 12

Front 83

______________ portion of the medulla oblongata opens into the fourth ventricle.

Back 83

superior

Front 84

All the communication b/w the brain and spinal cord passes through the ______________.

Back 84

medulla

Front 85

Coordinates complex autonomic reflexes(cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive system activities) and control visceral functions

Back 85

medulla oblongata

Front 86

nucleus gracilis&nucleus cuneatus; solitary nucleus; olivary nuclei

Back 86

3 groups of medulla nuclei

Front 87

Mass of gray matter that extends from medulla to mesencephalon

Back 87

reticular formation

Front 88

Reticular formation contains reflex centers that receive input from cranial nerves, cerebral cortex and ______________ and is responsible for regulation of vital ______________ functions.

Back 88

brain stem / autonomic

Front 89

A type of reflex center that adjusts heart rate, strength of cardiac contractions and peripheral blood flow.

Back 89

cardiovascular centers (cardiac and vasomotor)

Front 90

What are the two types of reflex centers?

Back 90

cardiovascular centers and respiratory rythmicity centers

Front 91

The medulla contains sensory and motor nuclei associated with __ of the cranial nerves.

Back 91

5 (VIII - XII)

Front 92

The cranial nerves in the ______________ provide motor commands to muscles of the pharynx, neck , and back as well as to the visceral organs of the thoracic and peritoneal cavities.

Back 92

medulla

Front 93

______________ and ______________ of the medulla pass somatic sensory info to the thalamus. Tracts from each cross to opposite sides of the brain which is termed ______________.

Back 93

nucleus gracilis / nucleus cuneatus / decussation

Front 94

Receives visceral sensory info from spinal and cranial nerves and transmit it to autonomic centers in medulla

Back 94

solitary nucleus

Front 95

Relay info about somatic motor commands to cerebellar cortex

Back 95

olivary nuclei

Front 96

Links cerebellum with mesencephalon, diencephalon, cerebrum and spinal cord.

Back 96

pons

Front 97

Innervate the jaw muscles, anterior facial surface of the face, lateral rectus and sense organs of the inner ear.

Back 97

sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves (V-VIII)

Front 98

There are two ______________ one on each side of the pons, the ______________ center and the pneumotaxic center, which modify activity of respiratory rythmicity center in the medulla

Back 98

respiratory centers / apneustic

Front 99

______________ fibers cross anterior surface of pons and link nuclei of pons (pontine nuclei) to with opposite cerebellar hemisphere

Back 99

transverse fibers

Front 100

Coordinates learned and reflexive patterns of muscular activity at the subconscious level.

Back 100

cerebellum

Front 101

T/F: Cerebellum adjusts postural muscles of body and programming & fine tuning movement, conscious or subconscious

Back 101

true

Front 102

______________ are folds of the cerebellar surface.

Back 102

folia

Front 103

Anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum are separated by the ______________.

Back 103

primary fissure

Front 104

Vermis is a narrow band of cortex separating ______________.

Back 104

cerebellar hemispheres

Front 105

______________ lobe is b/w the roof of the fourth ventricle, cerebellar hemispheres and vermis.

Back 105

flocculondular lobe

Front 106

Huge highly branched cells in the cerebellar cortex, each receiving input from up to 200k synapses

Back 106

purkinje cells

Front 107

Branching of internal white matter that resembles a tree

Back 107

arbor vitae

Front 108

T/F: Motor commands reach the cerebellum indirectly from the cerebellar nuclei within the arbor vitae.

Back 108

true

Front 109

______________ tract links the cerebellum w/ nuclei in the midbrain, diencephalon and cerebrum

Back 109

superior cerebellar peduncles

Front 110

______________ connects cerebellar hemispheres with sensory and motor nuclei in pons.

Back 110

middle cerebellar peduncles

Front 111

Communicates b/w cerebellum and nuclei in medulla and carries ascending & descending tracts from spinal cord.

Back 111

inferior cerebellar peduncles

Front 112

Trauma to the cerebellum, which leads to disturbance in muscular coordination.

Back 112

ataxia

Front 113

Roof of mesencephalon

Back 113

tectum

Front 114

Collectively, are the two pairs of sensory nuclei that process visual and auditory sensations.

Back 114

corpora quadrigemina

Front 115

Receives visual input from ipsilateral lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus.

Back 115

superior colliculus

Front 116

Receives auditory input from medulla and pons.

Back 116

inferior colliculus

Front 117

T/F: Superior colliculus controls reflex movements of head, neck and trunk in response to auditory stimuli

Back 117

false (correct answer: the inferior colliculus controls reflex mvmts in response to auditory stimuli

Front 118

Contains red nucleus and is is anterior to aqueduct of midbrain

Back 118

tegmentum

Front 119

Receives info from cerebrum and cerebellum; issues subconscious motor commands affecting upper limb position and background muscle tone

Back 119

red nucleus

Front 120

T/F: Substantia nigra is a nucleus lateral to red nucleus containing darkly pigmented cells

Back 120

true

Front 121

Nerve fiber bundles on ventrolateral surfaces of the mesencephalon.

Back 121

cerebral peduncles

Front 122

Cerebral peduncles contain ____________ fibers that go to cerebellum via pons, and ascending fibers that carry ____________ motor commands by cerebral hemispheres.

Back 122

descending / voluntary

Front 123

____________ integrates sensory and motor info at subconscious level.

Back 123

diencephalon

Front 124

What forms the lateral walls of the diencephalon? What forms the floor?

Back 124

Neural tissue concentrated in left and right thalamus / hypothalamus

Front 125

Ascending sensory data from spinal cord and cranial nerves synapses in ____________ prior to reaching cerebral cortex.

Back 125

thalamus

Front 126

The roof of the diencephalon, superior to third ventricle. Contains extensive choroid plexus.

Back 126

epithalamus

Front 127

____________ is a endocrine gland that produces melanin, regulating day-night cycles. Also is posterior portion of the epithalamus (roof of diencephalon).

Back 127

pineal gland

Front 128

Relays(final relay) info b/w basal nuclei and cerebral cortex.

Back 128

thalamus

Front 129

T/F: Thalmic nuclei are paired masses on either side of the third ventricle; extending from the anterior commisure to the inferior base of the pineal gland

Back 129

true

Front 130

____________ are paired projections from each lateral nuclei in the ____________ ventricle. No fibers cross the midline.

Back 130

interthalmic adhesion / third

Front 131

____________ is part of the limbic system, and is involved with emotion and motivation.

Back 131

anterior nuclei

Front 132

The medial group connects emotional centers in the ____________ w/frontal loves of cerebral cortex, providing awareness of emotional states.

Back 132

hypothalamus

Front 133

Relays info from basal nuclei of cerebrum to somatic motor areas of cerebral cortex.

Back 133

ventral group

Front 134

____________ relays sensory info about touch, pressure, pain, temp, and propioception to sensory areas of ____________.

Back 134

Ventral group / cerbral cortex

Front 135

Pulvinar nuclei, lateral geniculate nucleus and medial geniculate nucleus make up the ____________.

Back 135

posterior group

Front 136

Part of the posterior group that integrates sensory info for projection to cerebral cortex

Back 136

pulvinar nuclei

Front 137

Part of the ____________ , the lateral geniculate nucleus, receives visual input over optic tract. Output goes to ____________ lobes of cerebral hemispheres and mesencephalon.

Back 137

posterior / occipital

Front 138

What forms feedback loops with the limbic system and parietal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?

Back 138

Lateral group

Front 139

____________ extends superior to optic chiasm to posterior margins of mamillary bodies

Back 139

hypothalamus

Front 140

Processes sensory input, including olfactory sensations

Back 140

mamillary bodies

Front 141

____________ contain motor nuclei that control reflexes such as chewing, licking and swallowing, as well as control and integration centers

Back 141

hypothalamus

Front 142

Posterior to optic chiasm, connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

Back 142

infundibulum

Front 143

____________ area b/w infundibulum and mamillary bodies.

Back 143

tuberal area

Front 144

Tuberal area contains nuclei involved in ____________ gland function.

Back 144

pitutitary

Front 145

T/F: A function of the hypothalamus is the subconscious control of skeletal muscle contractions

Back 145

true

Front 146

The ____________ controls autonomic function and coordination of activities of nervous and endocrine systems.

Back 146

hypothalamus

Front 147

____________ secretes the two hormones ADH and oxytocin.

Back 147

hypothalamus

Front 148

____________ or vasopressin, is produced by ____________ to reduce water loss at kidneys.

Back 148

ADH / supraoptic nucleus

Front 149

____________ is produced by the ____________ nucleus. It stimulates smooth muscle contraction in uterus and mammary glands in females and prostate in males.

Back 149

oxytocin / paraventricular

Front 150

T/F: Thalamus drives feeding and thirst centers

Back 150

false; hypothalamus drives feeding and thirst centers

Front 151

T/F: The medulla oblongata regulates body temp adn controls ciracadia rythms

Back 151

false; hypothalamus regulates body temp and controls circadian rythms

Front 152

The ____________ system consists of a group of tracts and nuclei along the border b/w the cerebrum and diencephalon.

Back 152

limbic

Front 153

T/F: the mamillary body establishes emotional states, also facilitates memory storage and retrieval.

Back 153

false; the limbic sytem

Front 154

The ____________ facilitates in memory storage and retrieval.

Back 154

hypothalamus

Front 155

What is also known as the "motivational system?"

Back 155

limbic system

Front 156

What plays a role in the "fight or flight" response and regulates heart rate.

Back 156

amygdaloid body (amygdala)

Front 157

The limbic lobe or ____________ and underlying structures adjacent to diencephon.

Back 157

gyri

Front 158

T/F: The cingulate gyrus is inferior to the corpus callosum

Back 158

false; the cingulate gyrus is superior to corpus callosum, the cingulate gyrus is acutally inferior to the corpus callosum

Front 159

Posterior portion of limbic lobe

Back 159

dentate gyrus

Front 160

Inferior portion of limbic system

Back 160

parahippocampal gyrus

Front 161

What connects the hippocampus w/ the hypothalamus?

Back 161

fornix.

Front 162

The fornix curves medially to meet opposite side, then proceeds anteriorly, ____________ to corpus callosum, then curves to hypothalamus

Back 162

inferior