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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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About ___% of body's neural tissue is found in the ____. It consists of ___ and __, which function in sensation, memory, emotions, decision making and behaviour. |
98, brain, neurons, neuroglia |
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Brain is divided into 4 main regions: |
1. Brain Stem 2. Cerebellum 3. Diencephalon 4. Cerebrum |
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Brain stem - three parts |
the inferior part of brain that meets the spinal cord. medulla oblongata, Pons, Mesencephalon |
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Medulla Oblongata (where)(functions 3) (CN) |
inferior part of the brain which connects spine to brain - regulate many autonomic functions and regulations: breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, digestive activities - Integration center for the coughing, sneezing and swallowing reflexes - CN IX to XII |
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Pons (where)(functions 2)(CN) |
between MO and mesencephalon - connects cerebellum to brain stem - regulated breathing - origin of cranial nerves V to VIII |
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Mesencephalon (where) (function)(CN) |
aka midbrain - superior part of brain stem - includes reflex centers involved in vision and hearing - origin of cranial nerves II & IV |
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RAS (where & what) |
Reticular Activation System - brain stem - helps maintain consciousness/sleep and awaken us with stimuli from eyes, ears, skin and muscles (but not the nose) |
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Superior Colliculi |
visual reflexes |
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Inferior Colliculi |
auditory reflexes |
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Reticular Formation |
transmits info from brainstem to cerebrum to maintain consciousness |
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Arbor Vitae |
arrangement of white matter in cerebellum |
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Cerebellum (2) |
main function to evaluate how well movements initiated by motor neurons in the cerebrum are actually being carried out. - also controls balance and equilibrium |
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Ataxia |
condition resulting from damage to the cerebellum, where the ability to maintain balance and muscle coordination is lost. Movements become clumsy and disorganized. |
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Diencephalon (3 parts) |
extends from brainstem to the cerebrum - Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus |
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Thalamus (2 functions)(CN) |
processes and relay sensory impulses to the cerebrum - provides crude perception of touch and pressure and pain and temperature - Origin of CN II |
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Hypothalamus (4 functions) |
- major regulators of homeostasis in the body - autonomic nervous center that regulates temperature, water balance, metabolism, thirst, appetite, sex, pain, pleasure and emotions - Functions as an endocrine gland along with the pituitary gland - it and pituitary gland are responsible for the integration of the nervous and endocrine systems. |
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Epithalamus |
includes the pineal gland which is part of the endocrine system and secrete melotonin |
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Cerebrum (aka) |
cerebral cortex included cerebral hemispheres, which sit on the brain stem like a mushroom cap on a stalk |
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gyrus |
elevated ridges on cerebrum (wrinkled surface) |
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Sulci |
grooves on cerebrum |
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Fissures |
Deeper grooves on cerebrum |
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Longitudinal Fissure |
Seperates large regions of brain into hemispheres |
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Neuroplasticity |
neurons changing function |
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Corpus Callosum |
links the two hemispheres |
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Functions of the cerebrum (5) |
speech, memory, thought, consciousness, interpretation of sensations and voluntary movements |
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Specific Area of the cerebrum are responsible for specific actions: (3) |
Frontal lobe area - responsible for motor control of skeletal muscles Temporal, Parietal, Occipital areas - the conscious perception of touch, pain, temperature, taste, light, smell and sound Intuitive Centers - all lobes |
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Left side of the brain |
Analytical (reading, writing, mathematical computations, decision-making, speech and language) |
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Right Side of brain |
Creative - analyses of senses (touch, smell, sight, taste, feel) and recognition (faces, voice, inflections) |
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EEG |
Electroencephalogram - detect brain waves generated near the brain surface. Used to study normal brain function, sleep patterns and to diagnose brain disorders |
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The absense of activity in ___ EEG's performed 24 hours apart is a general diagnosis of ____. |
two, brain death
inflammation can cause gap less than 24hrs apart |
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Protection of brain |
Cranial bones, Cranial Meninges, CSF |
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Cranial Meninges |
Dura mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater |
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Alpha |
normal resting |
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Beta |
concentration |
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Theta |
frustrated adults |
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Delta |
deep sleep |
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CSF has four important functions in brain, including: |
Cushioning; Supports and lessen weight; Transport nutrient, chemical and draining waste products; Electrical Insulation |
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Most CSF is stored in cavities called ____. CSF is produced in the ____, which are networks of blood capillaries in the walls of the ____. |
Ventricles, choroidplexus, ventricles |
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the _____ cells that surround capillaries in the choroid plexuses are joined by ____ ______, only certain substance are allowe to pass through into the interstitial fluid of the brain and thus the CSF. |
ependymal, tight junctions |
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Blood-CSF barrier |
protects sensitive brain cells from certain blood constituents and drugs or toxins and pathogens. To enter the brain tissue from the blood, substances have to pass though this very selective barrier or through the ependymal cells and their tight junctions. |
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The CSF flow into the ____ of the spinal cord and in the ____ of the ____, _____, and _____. It is drained at the ______ ____ by branches of the jugular veins. |
central canal, subarachnoid space, brain, spinal cord, cauda equina, dural sinuses |
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Hydrocephalus |
accumulation of CSF in the brain and increase of pressure. Can cause serious brain damage if pressure is allowed to build to point where it ultimately distorts brain. |
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Fontanelle |
allows internal pressure of CSF to expand the skull. |
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A neurosurgeon can implant a ____ _____, which drains the CSF to the veins of the neck or abdomen and avoids these problems. |
Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt |
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Microbraches |
tiny capillaries from the internal carotid & vertebral arteries |
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Artierial blood arrives at the brain via ___ and ___ arteries while the venous blood drains via the _____ ___ veins. |
carotid, vertebral, internal jugular |
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the _______ ______, which collect or absorb waste products from the CSF via the ____, are drained by the ___ ____ veins. |
arachnoid granulations, dural sinuses, internal jugular |
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The brain is a big consumer of ___ and ____. It forms just ___% of our weight, it consumes ___% of our body's oxygen and glucose needs. Blood flow to an area of the brain increases with activity in that area, supplying more oxygen for working brain cells, which are in the oder of billions of neurons. |
oxygen, glucose, 2, 20 |
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Blood Brain Barrier:
Only ____ soluble compound can diffuse across the membranes of endothelial cells into the interstitial fluid of the brain and spinal cord.
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Lipid |
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Blood Brain Barrier _____ soluble compounds must be transported across endothelial cell membranes via __ in the apical and basal plasma membranes |
Small water, channels |
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Blood Brain Barrier ____ soluble compounds can cross the capillary walls only by _____. |
large water, active transport |
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Four noteworthy exceptions where the BBB is not maintained: |
1. Hypothalamus 2. Posterior pituitary gland 3. Pineal gland 4. Choroid Plexus |
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____ control permeability of endothelial chells |
astrocytes |
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Blood-CSF barrier (4) vs Blood Brain Barrier (4) |
BCF: ependymal cells & blood capillaries of choroid plexus - No astrocytes - Ventricles - Greater Permeability than BBB BBB: - astrocytes with foot like projections wrap around blood capillaries -endothelial cells that line blood vessels - Greater protection - 4 places not maintained |
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Stroke (aka) |
Cerebrovascular accident - most common brain disorder, and it is the third leading cause of death |
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Main causes of strokes |
intracerebral hemorrage, embolism (blood clot), atherosclerosis (plaques in blood vessels that reduce blood flow) |
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FAST |
acronym for recognizing stroke F - face - ask to smile A - ask to raise arm S - repeat a sentence T - Time - Certified treatment center right away |
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Tramatic Brain Injury |
possible result of harsh contact between the head and another object |
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Concussion |
characterized by temporary confusion with abnormal mental status, loss of consciousness and some degree of amnesia. |
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Severe Concussions can produce... |
extended periods of unconsciousness and abnormal neurological functions; they are typically associated with contusions or lacerations |
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Alzheimer Disease |
a disabling dementia and loss of reasoning that afflicts about 11% of the population over age 65. Associated with the destruction of some neurons that release ACh. structural changes and atrophy are also observed in the brain areas of cognition and memory. |
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Parkinson's Disease (mention s.n.) |
progressive disorder of the CNS associated with the destruction of some neurons that release dopamine. Dopamine normally has inhibitory effects on some excitatory neurons in the region of the brain called substantia nigra. Results in involuntary skeletal muscle contractions and persistent tremors. |
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L-Dopa |
precursor of dopamine for parkinson's disease |
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Cerebral Palsy |
number of disorders that affect voluntary motor performances. Generally appear during infancy and persist throughout the life of the affect individual. Lack of oxygen at birth. |
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Rabies |
virus that can be transmitted to a human if they are bitten by a rabid animal. Enters the body in the peripheral tissues and then travels to the CNS. Infection with rabies virus is potentially fatal. Retrograde flow |
