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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the general function of the cerebral association cortex?
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For analysis, planning and restraint.
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What is the general function of the limbic brain?
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For evaluating the emotional issues inherent in each sensory experience.
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What structures bring about emotional expression?
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Hypothalamus (via autonomic and endocrine outflow) and the ventral striatum (motor effects)
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What do the primary sensory areas do? what is adjacent to them?
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receive sensory inputs from thalamic sensory relay nuclei. Adjacent to each of them is an association cortical area which allows processing and interpretation of the primary sensory message.
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Where is the somatosensory cortex located?
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In the post-central gyrus but also includes cells in the adjacent cortical areas.
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Where is the specific visual cortex?
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In the Striate cortex on either side of the calcarine sulcus
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What is Brodmann's area 17? what is the function?
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The primary visual area is the receiving cortex and is necessary for any vision.
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What does analysis about motion, color and interpretation require?
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Brodmann's areas 18 and 19 besides 17.
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Where are Brodmann's areas 18/19 located?
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In the occipital lobe cortex
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What are Brodmann's areas 41 and 42? where are they located?
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The auditory cortex, which is located in the transverse temporal gyri of Heschl on the superior temporal gyrus.
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What is unusual about the olfactory system?
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It is the only sensory system which does not relay via the thalamus.
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Where is the primary olfactor cortex?
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Near the uncus, utilizes association areas on the orbital surface of the frontal lobe.
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What is Brodmann's area 4?
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The pre-central gyrus.
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What does the area 4 cortex contain?
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the fibers which leave the cortex and become the corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers. A small percentage of these come from the Betz cells, the largest neurons in the nervous system.
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What originates from Area 6?
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Many corticospinal fibers also originate in the premotor areas just in front of the precentral gyrus
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Where is the supplementary motor area?
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on the medial surface of the hemisphere.
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What do association areas do?
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mediate higher mental functions.
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How do you determine what is the dominant hemisphere?
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The dominant hemisphere is the one which is the language hemisphere. The nondominant hemisphere is specialized for other things.
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What is typically the dominant hemisphere?
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95% of right-handed individuals have a left dominant hemisphere. The majority of left-handed people also are left-dominant.
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Where is Broca's area?
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in the area of the opercular and triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus.
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What is Broca's aphasia?
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Broca’s aphasia (or a motor or expressive aphasia). This speech problem is also called non-fluent since the person is aware that the speech is not correct and therefore they do not attempt much speech.
*They hear you and understand you they just can't get the words out, they are on the tip of their tongue. |
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Where is Wernicke's area?
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the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus and a large part of the inferior parietal lobule.
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What is Wernicke's (sensory) aphasia?
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Fluent aphasia conditions in that these patients continue to talk even though their speech is flawed. Which contains many paraphasic errors.
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What is conduction aphasia?
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results when the fibers bringing speech information from the sensory area (Wernicke) forward to the motor speech area (Broca) are interrupted.
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Where is the arcuate fasciculus?
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In the superior longitudinal fasciculus deep in the centrum semiovale.
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What is anomia?
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a condition arising from loss of the angular gyrus. In these cases, the person is unable to name objects
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What does the parietal association cortex do?
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mediates spatial orientation
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What is agnosia?
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the inability to recognize objects by using one or more of the senses (the sense is designated).
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What is apraxia?
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the inability to perform an action even though all the muscles and coordinating systems below the cortex are functioning perfectly.
*they see a hammer and a nail but they cannot figure out what to do with them. |
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What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?
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(that part of the frontal lobe in front of the motor areas) is the center for judgement, abstract reasoning and maintaining attention. It also is needed for working memory – that memory which allows you to remember a phone number for a few seconds after hearing it.
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What is the function of the orbital and medial cortex?
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The orbital and medial cortex receives much limbic input. They are necessary for socially appropriate behavior and perceiving the mood/safety of the external environment. The amygdaloid nucleus gives much input to this cortical area.
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What is the dominant hemisphere specialized for?
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specialized in verbal and mathematical precision and processing
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What is the non-dominant hemisphere specialized for?
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The non-dominant hemisphere is superior in musical abilities and spatial relationships. For example, facial recognition is known to be a function of the non-dominant hemisphere.
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What does the reticular activating system do?
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basic functions are for regulating arousal and alertness.
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Where are the centers for norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine located?
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In the reticular activating system.
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What produces "pre-packaged" emotional states? (i.e. hunger, thirst, sex drive, aggression and pleasure)
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The hypothalamus.
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Where is the septum?
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Anatomically it is like a pyramid with its base sitting on the anterior commissure and its apex being above in the anterior septum pellucidum.
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What counterbalances the amygdaloid nucleus?
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The septum
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What is the general function of the septum?
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It "restrains" the other limbic areas.
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What is the general function of the amygdala?
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Involved in emotional learning ("implicit" memory). In contrast to the hypothalamus, it is very involved in assessing the importance, impact, relevance and emotional significance of all outside events and objects.
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Where is the amygdala?
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In the medial anterior portion of the temporal lobe, just in front of the hippocampus.
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What does the stria terminalis do?
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Allows the amygdala to communicate w/ the septal nuclei and hypothalamus.
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What does the ventral amygdalofugal pathway do?
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Allows the amygdala to communicate w/ the hypothalamus, thalamus, frontal, insular, olfactory cortexes and various parts of the brainstem.
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What do the direct projections from the amygdala do?
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Allow the amygdala to communicate w/ the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and temporal and other neocortical areas.
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Where do the cortical connections from the amygdala most connect to?
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prefrontal and orbital cortex (and to the temporal lobe).
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What part of the thalamus is the amygdala connected to?
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The dorsomedial nucleus
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What part of the brain assesses safety?
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The amygdala
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What is the location of "hot" memory? what is "hot" memory?
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The amgydala; It does not learn facts (like the hippocampus) but learns the “emotional significance” of stimuli. In other words, it evaluates everything coming in and helps the organism remember the important stimuli.
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What brain structure generates the appropriate emotional response to stimuli?
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The amygdala
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What part of the brain is responsible for the two strongest emotional states? (FEAR and RAGE)
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The amygdala
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What is the folded-in continuation of the parahippocampal gyrus?
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Hippocampus.
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Where is the hippocampus located?
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in the medial portion of the temporal lobe just posterior to the amygdala
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Where does the hippocampus send its output to?
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to cortex, limbic structures and hypothalamus.
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What structure is critical for memory?
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The hippocampus
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What part of the brain is responsible for declarative memory (explicit memory)?
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The hippocampus
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What structure is necessary for long-term memory storage?
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The hippocampus.
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What is the allocortex?
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The paleocortex and archicortex
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What makes up the vast majority of adult human cortical area?
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The neocortex
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Where does the neocortex receive input from?
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Subcortical areas and other cortical areas (from association or commissural fibers)
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What is the outer layer of the neocortex?
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The molecular layer
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What do the neocortical layers look like in motor areas?
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There will be many large pyramidal cells from layer IV.
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What is the innermost layer of the neocortex?
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The polymorphic or multiform layer.
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