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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cerebral cortex
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intricate concerning of interconnected neural cells that forms a thin surface layer on the cerebal hemisphere.
-ultimate control and info processing center |
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glial cells
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gule cells that guide neural connections, provide nutrients, insulate myelin, and mop up ions and neurotransmitters
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frontal lobes
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-part of cerebral cortex
-behindn forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and making plans and judgments -in cerebral cortex |
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parietal lobes
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at the top and to the read; receives sensory input for touch and body position
-mathematical and spatial reasoning -in cerebral cortex |
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occipital lobes
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sides of the head, above the ears; includes the visual areas, receive visua info from the opposite visual field
-in cerebral cortex |
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temporal lobes
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includes auditory areas, receives auditory info from the opposte ear
-in cerebral cortex |
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motor cortex
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the the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement
-when stimlate left hemisphere, moves right part of body -in cerebral cortex |
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sensory cortex
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at the front of the parietal loves that registersr and processes body touch and moevement sensations
-more sensitive the region of the body, the larger the are of the sensory cortex deovted to it -in cerebral cortex |
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association areas
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involved in higher mental functions: learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking
-interpret, integrate, and act on info processed by the senosry areas -in cerebral cortex |
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aphasia
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impairment of language, caused b lef hemisphere damage to Broca's area (impairing speech) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)
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boca's area
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controls language expression- and area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
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Wernicke's area
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controls language reeption- a brani area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in left temporal lobe
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angular gyrus
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thir brain that receives the visual info from the visual area and recodes it into the auditory form (reading aloud)
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pasticity
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the brain's cacity for modificaiton as evident in brain reorganization following damage and in experiments on the effects of the experience on brain development
-more plastic when young children |
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corpus callosum
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large, wide band of neural fibers that connects 2 brain hemispheres and carries messages between them
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split brain
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condition where the hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (corpus collosum) between them
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left hemisphere
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interpreter-constructs theories to explian behavior
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right hemisphere
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quick, intuitive responses- more expressive side
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lateralization
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hemispheric specialization
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left hand
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among those w/ reading diabilites, allergies, migrain headaches
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nervous system
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body's electrochemical communication network, consisting of nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system
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CNS
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brain and spinal cord
-somatic- controls voluntary mvmnt of skeletal muscles |
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peripheral nervous system
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sensoy and motor neurons (sense receptors, muscles, glands and hat connect the CNS to rest of the body)
-autonomic- controls self regulated action -sympatheitc- arousing -parasympathetic- calming |
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nerves
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neural cables containing axons. part of peripheral nervous system; connects CNs w/ muscles, glands, sense organs
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sensory neurons
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carry incoming info from sense receptors to CNS
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motor neurons
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carry outgoing infrom from CNS to muscles and glands
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interneurons
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CNS nerons internally communicate and intervene between sensory inputs and motor outputs
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somatic nervous system
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PNS- enables voluntary control of skeletal muscles
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autonomic nervous system
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controls glands and muscles of internal orgas. operates on own (heartbeat, digestion, glandular activity
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sympathetic nervous system
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arouses (dialates pupils, accelerates heartbeat, inhibits digestion, stimulates glucose relase by liver, stimulates secretion of epinephrine, norepinephrine, stimulate male ejaculation
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parasympathetic nervous system
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calms body conserving energy (contracts pupils, slows heart beat, stimulates digestion, stimulates gallbladder, contracts bladder, allows blood flow to sex organs)
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reflexes
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automatic responses to stimuli
-info travels to and from body by spinal cord |
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neural networks
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interconnected neural cells. w/ experience networks learn, as feedback stregthens of inhibits connections that produce results
-piano playing |
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lesion
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tissue destruction either naturally or experimentally caused
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titchener
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experimental psychologist and proponent of study of consciousness
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EEG electroencephalogram
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amplified recording of the waves of elecrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface- measured by electrodes
-filters out brain activity unrelated to stimulus |
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PET scan- positrom emission tomography scan
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depicts brain activity, detects where a rediocative form of glucose goes with the brain performs a given task
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MRI magnetic resonance imaging
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ses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinuish among different types of soft tissue: allows see different structures w/ in brain
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fMRI
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reveals blood flow and brain activity by comparing uccessive MRI scans- BRAIN FUNCTION
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BRAINSTEM
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oldest and innermost region beins where spinal cod swells as it enters the skull. responsible for automatic survival functions
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medulla
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base of brainstem- controls hearbeat and breathing
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pons
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help coordinate movement; above medulla
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reticular formation
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inside brainstem, between ears. nerve networks conrols arousal- extends from spinal cord to thalamus
-filters incoming stimuli and relays info to other areas of brain -arousal w/ cat experiment |
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the thalamus
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top of brainstem=brain's sensory switchboard
-receives info from all senses except smell and routes it to he brain regions that deal w/ seeing, hearing, tastking, and ouching -directs to medulla and cerebellum |
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cerebellum
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the little brain- attached to rear of brainstem; processes sensory input and coordinates movement output and balance
-nonverbal learning and memory + helps judge ime, modulate emotions, discriminate sounds and textures |
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the limbic system
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emotiions and basic movement
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the amygdala
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2 lima bean sixed neural clusters that influence aggression and fear and processing of emotional memories
-limbic system |
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hypothalamus
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below thalamus: performs bodily maintenance duties (hunger, body temp, sexual behavior
-monitors blood chemistry-helps govern endocrine system via pituitary gland -likned to emotion-reward system -limbic system |
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reward defieciency syndrom
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genetically disposed deficiency in the natural brain stystems for pleasure and well-being that leads people to crave whatver provides the missing pleasure or relives negative feelings
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hippocampus
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ransfers info from short term to long term memory
-limbic system |
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thalamus
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post office of sense- directs sensations except smell
-limbic system |
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pituitary gland
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bioilogical clocks, anual rhythms, perceives sealson changes
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basil ganglia
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posture, locomotion, motor coordination
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corpus callosum
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divides 2 sides of brain- transfers info across hemispheres
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endocrine system
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body's slow chemical communication system' set of glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream
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hormones
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chemical messengers that are produced in 1 tissue and affect another.
-when act on brain influence interest sex, food, aggression |
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adrenal glands
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located above kidnes, secretes epinephrine and norepinephrin help arous body in times of stress- feelings linger a while
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epinephrin
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adrenaline
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norepinephrine
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noradrenaline
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pituitary gland
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most influential gland- located in core of brain, endocrine system, controlled by hypothalamus
-release hormones influence growth, secretions influence release of hormones by endocrin glands |
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feedback system
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brain-pituitary gland-other glands-hormones- brain
-nervous system directing endocrine system, which affects nervous system |
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hthyroid gland
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affects metablism
regulates grouwth and glands (parathyroid) |
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parathyroid
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relates levels of calcium
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pancreas
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blood sugar levels through secretion of insulin
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ovary
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female sex hormone estrogen and progesterone
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humatrope
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growth hormone
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