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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a gliding joint and what is one example of a gliding joint
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~bones move in several ways across each others surface
~example: carpals and tarsals |
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What is a pivot joint? and one example of a pivot joint
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~one bone rotates around another bone
~example: the ulna around the radius |
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What is a hinge joint and what are some examples of a hinge joint?
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~the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone: like a hinge
~example: elbow, knee |
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What is a Saddle joint and what is an example of one?
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~both bones in joint have both concave and convex surfaces
~trapezium (base of thumb) only one joint in body |
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What is a condyloid joint and what is an example of one?
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~a condyle fits into a fossa (does NOT allow rotational movement)
~example:second knuckle of fingers |
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What is a ball and socket joint and what are some examples?
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~a head fits into a cup-shaped fossa or socket (most moveable joint in body)
~example: hip or shoulder |
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What is a suture?
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a fibrous joint held together by dense CT, that are between the flat bones of the skull
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What is a gomphosis?
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a fibrous joint held together by dense CT to form the periodontal ligament (teeth)
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What is synchondrosis?
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hyaline cartilage connects bones
ex: in growth plates of long bones and manubrium of sternum and |
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What is Syndesmoses?
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flexible Dense CT membrane between adjacent long bones
ex: tibia/fibula and ulna/radius |
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What is Symphesis?
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fibrocartilage
ex:pubic symphisis, sarcoilliac joints, intervertaebral discs |
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What are the bones of the knee?
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the femur and tibia form the joint and the patella helps restrict movement to prevent hyperextension
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What are the ligaments of the knee?
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1) quadriceps tendon to patellar ligament
2)cruciate ligament 3)collateral ligaments 4) popliteal ligaments |
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What is the cartilage of the knee?
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1)articular cartilage (hyaline)
2)medial and lateral menisci on tibia (fibrocartilage) |
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What is the adipose tissue of the knee?
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the infrapatellar fat pad
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What is the bursae of the knee?
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1)suprapatellar bursa
2)infrapatellar bursa |
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What are the bones of the shoulder joint?
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1)scapula
2)humerus 3)clavicle |
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What is the cartilage of the shoulder joint?
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1)articular cartilage
2)glenoid labrum |
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What is the ligaments of the shoulder joint?
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several thin, strap- like ligaments from Glenoid labrum, Acromion process & Corocoid process of scapula to clavicle to humerus
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What is the bursae of the shoulder joint?
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1)Subdeltoid bursa
2)Subscapular bursa |
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What are the bones of the hip joint?
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1)hip bone
2)femur |
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What are the ligaments of the hip joint?
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3 broad, thick ligaments, 1 nutrient ligament
Iliofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament Ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum capitus): nutrients! |
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What is the cartilage of the hip joint?
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Articular cartilage on head of femur and in acetabulum of hip bone (ilium, ischium and pubis)
Acetabular labrum surrounds acetabulum: fibrocartilage |
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What is a pathological fracture?
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caused by a didease like osteoporosis
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What is a traumatic fracture?
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caused by and impact to the bone
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What is a stress fracture?
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caused by repeated stress, especially by athletes who train very hard; shin splints, Osgood-Schlatters
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What is a simple (closed) fracture?
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the bone doesn’t pierce through the skin
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What is a compound (open) fracture?
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the bone pierces through the skin
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What is a partial fracture?
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fracture does not go completely through the bone
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What is a greenstick fracture?
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incomplete fracture in children where bone bends
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What is a complete fracture?
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fracture goes completely through the bone
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What is a displaced fracture?
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bone pieces are no longer in anatomical position
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What is a spiral fracture?
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bone twisted apart; Fissured: fracture is linear, parallel to long axis of bone; transverse: fracture is perpendicular to long axis of bone; oblique: fracture is neither parallel nor perpendicular to long axis of bone
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What is a segmental fracture?
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bone is in more than 2 pieces
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What is a impacted fracture?
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one fragment in driven into another
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What is a comminuted fracture?
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splintered at point of impact
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How is vitamin D used in bone remodeling?
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to absorb calcium from food into blood
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How is vitimin A used in bone remodeling?
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coordinates osteoblast/osteoclast balance
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How is vitamin C used in bone remodeling?
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production and maintenance of collagen, the protein portion of bone that makes it stable
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How is vitamin B12 used in bone remodeling?
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osteoblasts need it to function normally, the only B vitamin not found in vegetable foods so vegetarians, especially vegans may need to take supplementation !
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How is calcitonin used in bone remodeling?
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Inhibits osteoclast activity, so increases bone mass in general
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How is the parathyroid hormone used in bone remodeling?
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produced by the parathyroid glands.
It stimulates osteoclast activity, so decreases bone mass, in general. It also influences the kidneys to reduce calcium excretion to increase blood calcium, and increase phosphate excretion to reduce blood PO4-. |
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How is estrogen used in bone remodeling?
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Increase osteoblast activity, so increases bone mass in general.
Potent maturation factor in growth plates of long bones. This is why girls grow faster in early puberty, but stop growing earlier than boys. |
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How is the human growth hormone used in bone remodeling?
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produced in anterior pituitary gland and Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) produced in thyroid gland
Increases the growth & metabolic rate of most cells, including bone cells |
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How is progesterone and testosterone used in bone remodeling?
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produced in adrenal cortex and ovaries or testes
Effects are similar to estrogen, but not as potent. The growth effects of testosterone continue much longer in boys than estrogen’s growth effects in girls, so boys grow longer, and therefore taller, in general |
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How is leptin used in bone remodeling?
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produced by adipose cells
Increases bone mass by stimulating osteoblasts, especially in growth plates This is NOT just an effect of the body adjusting to increased weight as was previously thought More on leptin in the Reproductive System |
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How is Osteoprotegrin / OPG-ligand used in bone remodeling?
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are both made by osteoblasts
OPG ligand binds to osteoclasts, triggering proliferation and therefore bone mass loss, in general OPG serves as a decoy, bonding to OPG-ligand and preventing bone reabsorption, so osteoblasts can control breakdown of bone |
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How is oxytocin used in bone remodeling?
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made by the hypothalamus of the brain and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland
OT has dual effects on the osteoclast. It stimulates osteoclast formation both directly and indirectly. OT also inhibits bone resorption by mature osteoclasts by triggering cytosolic Ca2+ release among other actions. Potential for osteoporosis therapy |
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How is serotonin used in bone remodeling?
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made by the duodenum (but better known as a neurotransmitter in the brain)
Serotonin is stimulates bone formation by stimulating osteocytes, osteoblasts, and periosteal fibroblasts. |
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What are the layers of the epidermis from deepest up?
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1)stratum basale
2)stratum spinosum 3)stratum granulosum 4)stratum lucidum 5)stratum corneum |
