The Body's Chemical Makeup

Front 1

biochemistry

Back 1

the chemistry of the body's structures and functions

Front 2

chemistry

Back 2

the branch of natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances, their properties, and reactions

Front 3

energy

Back 3

the ability of chemical systems to do work or carry out change

Front 4

matter

Back 4

material that has mass and occupies space

Front 5

heat

Back 5

a form of energy

Front 6

organic chemistry

Back 6

the field of chemistry that studies matter composed of carbon

Front 7

carbon

Back 7

an element found in all living things

Front 8

atom

Back 8

the smallest portion of an element that still retains its properties

Front 9

subatomic particles

Back 9

the parts of an atom - proton, neutron, electron

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element

Back 10

a substance composed of atoms having identical numbers of subatomic parts that cannot be broken down into simpler substance by normal chemical means

Front 11

Periodic table

Back 11

a chart of all known elements arranged according to chemical properties

Front 12

# of naturally occuring elements

Back 12

92

Front 13

Russian scientist who developed Periodic Table

Back 13

Dmitti Mendeleev

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atomic structure

Back 14

the structure of atoms composing each element consisting of an atomic nucleus and atomic orbitals

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atomic nucleus

Back 15

a core of dense material providing an element with its mass and physical properties

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atomic shells - orbits

Back 16

the regions around the nucleus where electrons are located

Front 17

proton

Back 17

a positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus

Front 18

atomic number

Back 18

the number of protons in an atom

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atomic mass

Back 19

the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus

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isotope

Back 20

a variation of an elemnet having the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons

Front 21

radioactive

Back 21

describes a substance that gives off energy due to the decay of its unstable atoms

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nuclear decay

Back 22

the results of the break down of an isotopes nucleus

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electron

Back 23

a negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus

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ion

Back 24

an element that has gained or lost and electron

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cation

Back 25

a positively charged ion

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anion

Back 26

a negatively charged ion

Front 27

chemical bond

Back 27

the way atoms are attached to each other

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pure molecule

Back 28

identical elements bonded together

Front 29

compound

Back 29

molecules of two or more different elements bonded together

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ionic bond

Back 30

a bond between two electrically charged elements - involves the gain or loss of an electron

Front 31

biochemicals

Back 31

organic molecules produced by the chemical reactions of living organisms

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covalent bond

Back 32

a bond between two elements sharing electrons

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hydrogen bond

Back 33

a temporary weak bond involving hydrogen as with water

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adhesiveness

Back 34

a glue-like property,as with water

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cohesiveness

Back 35

a substance's tendancy to stick to itself

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structural molecules

Back 36

molecules that compose body parts

Front 37

hydroxyl ions

Back 37

negatively charged oxygen particles bonded to hydrogen

Front 38

pH

Back 38

the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in water

Front 39

acid

Back 39

water containing large amounts of hydrogen ions

Front 40

base

Back 40

water with a low concentration of hydrogen ions

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pH scale

Back 41

a scale measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions

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electrolytes

Back 42

ions capable of of conducting electricity in water

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neutral

Back 43

neither acidic or base

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dissociate

Back 44

break-down of molecules in a compound into simpler molecules, atoms, or ions

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buffer

Back 45

molecules that act either hydrogen ion acceptors or donors

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lipid or fat

Back 46

simple molecules that provide the body with chemical signals, insulation, protective padding, and stored energy

Front 47

carbohydrates

Back 47

compound molecules that provide the body with energy

Front 48

peptides

Back 48

linear polymars of amino acids

Front 49

nucleic acids

Back 49

molecules involved in converting food energy to energy and an essential component of genetic material

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water soluble

Back 50

able to dissolve in water

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polar

Back 51

having a stonger negative or positive charge concentrated on one side or region

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monomer

Back 52

the simplest form of a biochemical

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polymer

Back 53

a complex biochemical

Front 54

fat soluble

Back 54

able to dissolve in fat

Front 55

glyceride

Back 55

the most abundant lipid in the body

Front 56

sterol

Back 56

complex lipids composed of carbon rings

Front 57

monosaccharide

Back 57

a simple sugar consisting of a single sugar molecule

Front 58

disaccharide

Back 58

two covalently bonded monosaccharides

Front 59

polysaccharide

Back 59

a chain of monosaccharides

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oligosaccharide

Back 60

a polysaccharide consisting of 3 to 10 monosaccharides

Front 61

Terpenoids

Back 61

short chain fatty acids that help fight disease
Include bioactive molecules called vitamins

Front 62

Fat-soluble vitamins

Back 62

A,D,E,& K – are stored in the body’s fat deposits and can build up to toxic levels

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Water-soluble vitamins

Back 63

B & C – are lost easily in sweat and urine

Front 64

Peptides or proteins

Back 64

Made of amino acids
There are about 20 amino acids that make up human proteins

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functional proteins

Back 65

proteins that carry out functions that run the body

Front 66

structural proteins

Back 66

proteins that help build body structures

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Peptide bond

Back 67

a bond between amino acids

Front 68

Polypeptide

Back 68

short change of amino acid

Front 69

Three important nucleic acids:
RNA – DNA – ATP

Back 69

RNA – DNA – ATP

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RNA

Back 70

ribonucleic acid

Front 71

DNA

Back 71

a nucleic acid -deoxyribonucleic acid - contains the genetic information

Front 72

ATP

Back 72

a nucleic acid - the most common energy transfer molecule

Front 73

Water

Back 73

make up 60% - 75% of body
Essential to life because:
1. It is a solvent – capable of dissolving materials
2. It is a lubricant – prevents friction
3. It changes temperature slowly – must absorb/lose a great deal of heat to change temperature

Front 74

plasma

Back 74

water in blood vessels

Front 75

lymph

Back 75

water in lymph vessels

Front 76

synovial fluid

Back 76

water found in joints

Front 77

cerebrospinal fluid

Back 77

water found in brain and spinal cord

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aqueous humor

Back 78

water found within the eye

Front 79

intracellular fluid

Back 79

fluid found inside the cells

Front 80

extracellular fluid

Back 80

found outside the cells

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Glucose + oxygen → CO2 + H2O + ATP + heat

Back 81

Cellular respiration - necessary for the body to function properly

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Homeostasis

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a state of good health - actually a natural tendency for the human body to maintain physiological and psychological stability

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malnutrition

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– the condition resulting from a diet lacking a balanced molecular composition

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undernutrition

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the condition due to a diet lacking sufficient molecules

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craving

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– the powerful and often uncontrollable desire for a substance

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glycemic index

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– a measurement indicating the amount of glucose available in a particular food

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“carbo loading”

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– eating large amounts of glucose before an endurance event to maintain adequate glucose levels during activity

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aging

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– the gradual deterioration of a material or object

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senescense

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the aging process in organisms

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free radical

Back 90

– aggressive chemicals that readily react with biochemicals (pollution such as ozone contain many free radicals)

Front 91

antioxidants

Back 91

– chemicals that protect the body by oxidizing before oxidizing agents can hurt the body – research says these help reduce chemical damage (broccoli, cabbage, garlic, red grapes, soybeans, & tomatoes are high in antioxidants)

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solution

Back 92

a mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance

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solute

Back 93

the substance dissolved in the solution

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solvent

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the substance in which the solute is dissolved

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saturated solution

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a solution in which NO MORE solute can dissolve

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acid

Back 96

a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in water (H+)

0 to 7 on pH scale

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base

Back 97

a substance that increases the concentration of hydroxyl ions in water (OH-)

7 to 14 on pH scale

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dissociation of water

Back 98

breaking a part of a water molecule into 2 ions of opposite charges

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neutral

Back 99

a substance in which the hydrogen ions (H+) equals the number of hydroxyl (OH-) ions

Front 100

buffer

Back 100

a chemical substance that neutralizes small amounts of acids and bases

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enzyme

Back 101

a catalyst - helps to speed up chemical reactions

Front 102

6.8

Back 102

pH of intracellular fluid

Front 103

7.35 - 7.45

Back 103

pH of blood

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trace elements

Back 104

elements needed by the body in small amounts

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ATP

Back 105

the most common energy transfer molecule

Front 106

monosaccharides

Back 106

make up carbohydrates

Front 107

fatty acids and glycerol

Back 107

make up fats/lipids

Front 108

amino acids

Back 108

make up proteins