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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What percentage of how we age is due to non-inherited factors such as nutrition and exercise? |
75% |
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What are examples of health behaviours? |
Smoking habit Fruit and veg intake Alcohol intake Physical activity |
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What is the correlation between the Mediterranean diet and age? |
Increase Mediterranean diet decreases mortality risk (therefore longer lifespan) |
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What does Mediterranean diet also reduce? |
Cancer, stroke, CHD |
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What does the bulk of the Mediterranean diet involve? |
Bulk of diet from plant-based foods (fruit, veg, whole grain) |
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Where does most of the animal protein in the Mediterranean diet come from?
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Fish |
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What is there a reduction of in the Mediterranean diet? |
Poultry, eggs, dairy products and very little red meats and sweets |
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How is the Mediterranean diet scored? |
With points - the lower the score, the less similar to the Mediterranean diet it is |
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What point increase in diet score is associated with a decreased mortality? |
2-point increase |
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What is the percentage decrease in mortality with a 2-point increase? |
8% |
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What study looked at the secondary prevention of CVD with a Mediterranean diet? |
Lyon diet heart study |
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What did the lyon diet heart study use as their participants? |
People who had already had a heart attack but survived (therefore at higher risk for a second) |
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What did the data of the Lyon diet heart study show? |
People who were on the Mediterranean diet had many fewer events in the 5 years that followed - no subsequent heart attack etc therefore Mediterranean diet prevents further events. |
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What study looked at the primary prevention of CVD with Mediterranean diet? |
Predimed |
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What ages of participants did Predimed use? |
Men = 55-80 Women = 60-80 |
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Did the participants have history of suffering from CVD in the Predimed study? |
No, however they did have a higher risk of CVD by either having type 2 diabetes or 3 other risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, high LDL levels, low HDL levels, obese, family history |
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What were the 3 different treatments used in the Predimed study? |
1) Mediterranean diet + extra virgin olive oil 2) Mediterranean diet + nuts 3) Low fat (control) diet that has been recommended to reduce the risk of CHD anyway. |
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What were the results of the Predimed study? |
The Mediterranean diet reduced the incidence on CVD therefore proving that it is good for primary prevention. |
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What different factors did the Predimed study look t to obtain the results? |
Change in LDL increased with MD Decreased inflammation with MD Decreased BP with MD Increased atheroma plaque stability with MD |
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What is the most common form of dementia? |
AD (70%) |
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What is the second most common form of dementia? |
Vascular dementia (17%) |
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What is vascular dementia? |
Post-stroke dementia |
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How much doe the age-specific prevalence of dementia increase every 5 years after the age of 65? |
It doubles |
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By 2050 how much will the prevalence of AD increase? |
It will quadruple There will be 1 in 85 people worldwide living with it |
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What is the main genetic risk factor for AD? |
APOE 4 |
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What is a diet risk factor for AD? |
Plasma homocysteine |
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Does an increase or decrease of plasma homocysteine increase the risk of AD? |
Increase |
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What does B vitamin folate cause? |
A decrease in cysteine (found in fruit and veg) |
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What is the most abundant long chain PUFA (fatty acid) found in the brain? |
DHA |
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Where is DHA found in food? |
Oily fish |
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If there are higher intakes of DHA what does this result in? |
A decreased risk of AD |
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However what did a study show using DHA supplements? |
That the response was only present in APOE 4 negative patients (don't have the genetic side of AD) |
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How does dietary restriction cause an increase in lifespan? |
Possibly by decreasing TOR activity |
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What has an experiment shown with Rhesus monkeys? |
There is a decreased risk of age-related disease in energy-restricted monkeys. |
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What is obesity associated with? |
Higher risk of death from heart disease and stroke |
