The Biological Basis Of Human Development

Front 1

Genes

Back 1

-segments of DNA along the chromosomes
-contain hereditary intructions
-people all over the world are 99.1 % genetically identical
-each baby gets a unique genetic make up except for identical twins

Front 2

Chromosome

Back 2

-found in the nucleus of the cell
-store and transmit genitic information
-come in 23 matches pairs
-46 in total
-23rd chromosome is the sex chromosome
-each side of each pair comes from one parent
-made up od DNA

Front 3

Genotype

Back 3

An individual gentic make up

Front 4

Phenotype

Back 4

An individuals physical behavioral charactenstics, influenced by both genes and environment
-it is what you see

Front 5

Alleles

Back 5

-each of the two forms of a gene occuring the same place in a pair of chomosomes
-if the alleles are similar the child is homozygous and the trait will be expressed (b+b=b)
-if rhe alleles are different the child is heterozygous and the relationship between the alleles determines the phenotype (br+b=b)

Front 6

Heterozygous alleles

Back 6

-dominant
-recessive inheritance of only one allele is apparent
-incomplete dominant
-both allelas are expressed in the phenotype resulting in a combined intermediate trait

Front 7

identical twins

Back 7

-the zygote splits into two during the process of cell division
-same dentic make up

Front 8

Fraternal twins

Back 8

-fertilization of two ova
-genitically different

Front 9

x-linked

Back 9

aressive allele is carried on the X chromosome

Front 10

polygenetic

Back 10

the phenotype is based on the influence of multiple genes

Front 11

Gamete

Back 11

huamn sperm and ova, which contain half as many chromosomes as regular body cells

Front 12

DNA

Back 12

-deoxyribonucleic acid
-is a long double-stranded molecule that looks like a twisted ladder

Front 13

23rd -pair chromosomal make up of male and female

Back 13

the x and y chro
-the sex chro

Front 14

Chromosomal abnormalities

Back 14

-results from mistakes during meiosis when ovum and sperm are formed, when the chromosome pair doesnt separate properly
-multiple genes usually result ingreater physical and mental problems
-most common is down syndrome
-down syndrone is a result of the failure of thr 21st pair of the chromosomes to separate during meiosis
- as a mother get older chances of d.s increases, the age of 48 there is a 1/15 chance the baby will have d.s chance

Front 15

Autosome disorder

Back 15

result in miscarriage

Front 16

compare

Back 16

when poverity increases and families become homeless a countrymight decide tobuild more low-cost housing, raise minimum wage, and increase welfare
-kids arent doing well in school government will grant more tax money to schools, strengthen teacher preparation and make sure kids tha need extra help get it

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Major criticism

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Heritability
-a strong genetic influence, others believe that heredity is barely involved
Concordance rate
-the tendency for schizophrenia, depression and criminality to run in families is partly due to genetic factors , we also know enviroment is involved liek the stressors ,poverty, family , conflict and disorganized home and neighood life

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Passive genetic-evironmental correlation

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-parents provide their kids with genes and environments based on their own gentic make up
-parents athletic therefore i am athletic

Front 19

Evocative genetic- environmental correlation

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-the responses a child envokes from a people are influenced by the childs genetics and these responces strengthen a childs original style
-chris is a jerk people avoid him therefore he becomes a bigger jerk

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Active genetic- environmental correlation

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Children actively seek environments that fit with their genetic tendences
-it becomes active because it is enjoyed therefore the child does it more

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Canalization

Back 21

-the tendency of heredity (genetics) to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes(the baby will still learn how to walk)
-highly canalized motor and sensory development
-it still will had no matter what enviroment the child is in
-I.Q is mediumly canalized
-personiality is mediumly canalized because it is 50% enviroment and 50% genetics like IQ

Front 22

Know that

Back 22

-environmental factors can modify gene expression
(live in florida will be tan)