The Beginnings

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science of human development

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seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time

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5 things human growth and development is .....

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1. multidirectional

2. multicontextual

3. multicultural

4. multidisciplinary

5. plastic

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What is developmental study?

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A science that seeks to understand the changes that occur as people age.

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What does developmental study depend on?

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1. theories

2. data

3. analysis

4. critical thinking

5. sound methodology

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Emperical

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Based on observations, repeated experiences, verifiable experiments, not theoretical.

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Scientific Method

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A way to answer questions using empirical research and data-based conclusions.

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5 Steps of the scientific method

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1. Begin with curiosity

2. Develop a hypothesis

3. Test the hypothesis

4. Draw conclusions

5. Report the results

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What does "begin with curiosity" in the scientific method mean?

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On the basis of theory, prior research, or a personal observation...pose a question.

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What does "develop a hypothesis" in the scientific method mean?

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Shape the question into a specific prediction that can be tested.

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Hypothesis

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A specific prediction that can be tested

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What does "test the hypothesis" in the scientific method mean?

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Design and conduct research to gather empirical evidence.

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What does "draw conclusions" mean in the scientific method?

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Use the evidence to support or refute the hypothesis.

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What does "report the results" mean in the scientific method?

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Share the data, conclusions, and alternative explanations.

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Replication

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the repetition of a study, using different participants

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nature

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a term for the traits, capacities, and limitations that each individual inherits genetically from his or her parents at the moment of conception

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nurture

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a general term for all the environmental influences that affect development after an individual is conceived

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other names for the nature-nurture debate

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heredity-environment

maturation-learning

nativist-empiricist

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What is the nature-nurture debate?

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How much of any characteristic, behavior, or emotion results from genes and how much from experience?

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What is critical period in development?

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A time when a particular type of developmental growth in body or behavior must happen if it is every going to happen.

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What is sensitive period in development?

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A time when a certain type of development is most likely, although it may still happen after.

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What are neurotransmitters?

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chemicals in the brain

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dynamic-systems theory

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A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect of his or her environment, including the family and society.

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life-span perspective

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An approach to the study of human development that takes into account all phases of life, not just childhood or adulthood.

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ecological-systems approach

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The view that in the study of human development, the person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life.

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What is another name for the ecological-systems approach?

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bioecological theory

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Three levels that affect each person in the ecological-systems approach?

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1. microsystems

2. exosystems

3. macrosystems

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What are microsystems?

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Elements of the immediate surroundings such as family and friends, school and religious classes.

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What are exosystems?

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Local institutions such as school system, religious organization, and workplace.

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What are macrosystems?

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The larger contexts, including cultural values, economic policies, and political processes.

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Who was Urie Bronfenbrenner?

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Developed the ecological-systems (bioecological-systems) approach to developmental study.

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What is the mesosystem?

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Connects micro, exo, and macro systems.

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What is the chronosystem?

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The time system that affects all other systems.

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cohort

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a group defined by the shared age of its members

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socioeconomic status (SES)

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a person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, and place of residence.

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culture (in social science)

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meaning and information system, shared by a group and transmitted across generations, that allows the group to meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness and well-being, and derive meaning from life

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guided participation

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entire societies teach novices the skills and habits expected within the particular culture

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Who was Lev Vygotsky?

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Leader in describing the interaction between culture and education.

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ethnic group

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people whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language, culture and religion

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race

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a group of people who are regarded by themselves or by others as distinct from other groups on the basis of physical appearance

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What are the 7 stages of development?

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1. infancy

2. early childhood

3. middle childhood

4. adolescence

5. emerging adulthood

6. adulthood

7. late adulthood

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Age range for infancy?

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0-2 years

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Age range for early childhood?

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2-6 years

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Age range or middle childhood?

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6-11 years

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Age range for adolescence?

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11-18 years

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Age range for emerging adulthood?

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18-25 years

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Age range for adulthood?

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25-65 years

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Age range for late adulthood?

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65 years and older

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What are the three domains of development?

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1. biological

2. cognitive

3. social

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mirror neurons

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Cells in an observer's brain that respond to an action performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer had actually performed that action.

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plasticity in human development

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can be molded

maintains a certain durability of idenity

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multidirectional

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change occurs in every direction, not always in a straight line. Gains and losses, predictable growth, and unexpected transformations are evident.

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multidisciplinary

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Numerous academic fields, especially psychology, biology, education, and sociology, but also neuroscience, economics, religion, anthropology, history, medicine, genetics and many more contribute insights.

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multicontextual

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Human lives are embedded in many contexts, including historical conditions, economic constraints, and family patterns.

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multicultural

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Many cultures, not just between nations but also within them affect how people develop.

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Plasticity

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Every individual, and every trait within each individual, can be altered at any point in the life span. Change is ongoing, although neither random nor easy.

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scientific observation

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A method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording participants' behavior in a systematic and objective manner...in a natural setting, in a laboratory, or in searches of archival data.

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experiment

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A research method in which the researcher tries to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between two variables by manipulating one (called the independent variable) and then observing and recording the ensuing changes in the other (called the dependent variable).

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independent variable

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In an experiment, the variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the dependent variable.

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dependent variable

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In an experiment the variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds. In other words, the dependent variable depends on the independent variable.

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survey

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A research method in which information is collected from a large number of people by interviews, written questionnaires, or some other means.

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cross-sectional research

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A research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics.

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longitudinal research

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A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed.

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cross-sequential research

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A hybrid research design in which researchers first study several groups of people of different ages and then follow those groups over the years.

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correlation

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A number between 1 and -1 that indicates the degree of relationship between the two variables, expressed in terms of the likelihood that one variable will, or will not, occur when the other variable does, or does not,. A correlation indicates only that two variables are related, not that one variable causes the other to occur.

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quantitative research

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Research that provides data that can be expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales.

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qualitative research

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Research that considers qualities instead of quantities. Descriptions of particular conditions and participants' expressed ideas are often part of qualitative studies.

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code of ethics

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A set of moral principles that members of a profession or group are expected to follow.

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institutional review board (IRB)

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A group that exists within most educational and medical institutions whose purpose is to ensure that research follows established guidelines and remains ethical.