The Axilla And Brachial Plexus

Front 1

What make up the anterior and posterior axillary folds?

Back 1

anterior: skin overlying the lower border of pec major
posterior: skin overlying tendons of lattisimus dorsi and teres major

Front 2

What is the apex of the axilla formed by?

Back 2

1st rib, clavicle and scapula

Front 3

what makes up the anterior, posterior, medial and lateral walls of the axilla?

Back 3

anterior: pec major and minor
posterior: subsvapularis, tendons of teres major and latissimus dorsi
medial-serratus anterior
lateral-intertubercular groove of humerus

Front 4

what 2 veins from the upper extremities drain into the axillary vein?

Back 4

cephalic and basilic veins (the axillary vein eventually drains into the subclavian vein)

Front 5

Lymph drainage from the chest is into which 2 sets of lymph nodes?

Back 5

axillary lymph nodes and parasternal lymph nodes

Front 6

Name the branches of the axillary artery (coming from the subclavian and turning into the brachial)

Back 6

1st part: superior thoracic artery
2nd part: thoracoacromial artery and lateral thoracic arteries
3rd part: subscapular artery, anterior humoral circumflex and posterior humoral circumflex

"Screw the lawyer save a patient"

Front 7

what are the 2 terminal branches of the lateral cord?

Back 7

musculocunatenous N. and lateral root of the median nerve

Front 8

What are the 2 terminal branches of the medial cord?

Back 8

the medial root of the median nerve and the ulnar nerve

Front 9

What are the 2 terminal branches of the posterior cord?

Back 9

radial nerve and the axillary nerve

Front 10

what branch does the lateral cord give off prior to its terminal branches?

Back 10

lateral pectoral nerve

Front 11

what branches does the medial cord give off prior to its terminal branches?

Back 11

medial pectoral nerve, medial brachial cutaneous, medial antebrachial cutaneous

Front 12

what branches does the posterior cord give off prior to its terminal branches?

Back 12

upper subscapular, thoracodorsal, lower subscapular

Front 13

What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

Back 13

biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis (all flexor compartment musculature in the arm)

Front 14

What muscles does the median nerve innervate?

Back 14

flexors of the forearm except flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus

Front 15

What muscles does the ulnar nerve innervate?

Back 15

in the forearm:flexor carpi ulnaris and part of flexor digitorum profundus
in hand:intrinsic muscles of the hand

Front 16

What muscles does the radial nerve innervate?

Back 16

triceps brachii and all extensor muscles of the forearm

Front 17

what muscles does the axillary nerve innervate?

Back 17

deltoid and teres minor

Front 18

Describe Erb-Duchenne's paralysis

Back 18

due to superior trunk injuries, the patient stands with their arm extended and hand medially rotated (waiters' tip position). Patient cannot extend the arm because flexors and lateral rotators are paralyzed

Front 19

what causes lower brachial plexus injuries? name the palsy sssociated with lower plexus injuries and describe its symptoms

Back 19

cause: suddenly pulling the upper limb superiorly or neurovascular compression due to thoracic outlet or inlet syndrome-damage to C8-T1
Klumpke's palsy
Claw hand, numbness on medial surface of arm and hand and paralysis of muscles innervated by the ulnar nerve

Front 20

What are causes and symptoms of damage done to the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?

Back 20

cause: compression due to falling asleep of arm over a chair or crutches
symptoms: damage to radial nerve of terminal branch causes paralysis of extensors of the elbow, wrist and digits = wrist drop

Front 21

All anterior compartment muscles of the brachium are innervated by what nerve

Back 21

musculocutaneous

Front 22

All posterior compartment muscles of the brachium are innervated by what nerve

Back 22

radial

Front 23

what does the head of the radius articulate with in the elbow?

Back 23

the capitulum of the humerus

Front 24

what are the two prominent projections of the proximal ulna?

Back 24

the olecranon (posterior) and the coronoid process (anterior). Together these processes form the trochlear notch

Front 25

where does the biceps tendon insert?

Back 25

on the radial tuberosity

Front 26

Where does the triceps brachii insert?

Back 26

the olecranon of the ulna

Front 27

What are the 3 ligaments of the elbow region?

Back 27

anteriorly is located the radial collateral ligament
posteriorly is located the ulnar collateral ligament
the anular ligament of the radius is not part of the elbow joint but helps stabilize the proximal radio-ulnar joint

Front 28

what is the name of the tough membrane located between the radius and the ulna that divides the forarm into anterior and posterior compartments?

Back 28

interosseous membrane

Front 29

Describe colle's fracture

Back 29

break of the distal radius from falling where the distal part of the radius is displaced dorsally.

Front 30

what is the main flexor of the elbow?

Back 30

brachialis

Front 31

where is the origin of the long and short heads of the biceps brachii?

Back 31

long: glenoid part of scapula
short: from corocoid process

Front 32

what artery supplies the biceps brachii

Back 32

brachial artery

Front 33

what are the two muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm?

Back 33

the triceps brachii and the anconeous

Front 34

what creates the triangular and quadrangular spaces?

Back 34

the long head of the triceps tendon as it passes between the two teres muscles

Front 35

what is contained within the quadrangular space?

Back 35

the axillary nerve and the posterior humoral circumflex artery

Front 36

what is contained in the triangular space?

Back 36

axillary artery, subscapular artery, scapular circumflex artery

Front 37

what are the boundaries of the quadrangular space?

Back 37

above/superior: the Subscapularis and Teres minor (inferior border)
below/inferior: the Teres major (superior border)
medially: the long head of the Triceps brachii
laterally: the surgical neck of the humerus

Front 38

what are the boundaries of the triangular space?

Back 38

the Teres major inferiorly
the long head of the Triceps laterally
For the superior border, some sources list the Teres minor, while others list the Subscapularis

Front 39

describe what would happen if the radial nerve was damaged due to a humeral break proximally vs. distally

Back 39

proximal: paralysis of all extensors in the upper extremity
below or at radial groove: triceps is not compltely paralyzed, patient presents with wrist drop due to paralysis of the wrist extensor muscles

Front 40

The axillary artery turns into the brachial artery at the lower border of the teres major. The first branch is the profunda brachii, what does the profunda brachii then split into?

Back 40

the radial collateral and the medial collateral arteries at the elbow

Front 41

what does the brachial artery give rise to after it gives off its profunda brachii branch?

Back 41

superior ulnar collateral artery (middle of arm) and the inferior ulnar collateral artery (just above the elbow