The Autonomic Nervous System

Front 1

The ANS consists of motor neurons that innervate ______, _____, and _____.

Back 1

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glands

Front 2

The autonomic nervous system is a (voluntary/involuntary) system

Back 2

involuntary

Front 3

The ANS consists of a (one/two) neuron chain.

Back 3

A two neuron chain

Front 4

The two-neuron chain of the ANS consists of a _______ neuron and a _______ neuron.

Back 4

preganglionic
postganglionic

Front 5

The somatic nervous system deals with a single neurotransmitter named _______.

Back 5

Acetylcholine (Ach+)

Front 6

The preganglionic fibers of the ANS use the neurotransmitter(s):
a) acetylcholine
b) norepinephrine
c) both a and b

Back 6

a) acetylcholine

Front 7

The postganglionic fibers of the ANS use the neurotransmitter(s):
a) acetylcholine
b) norepinephrine
c) both a and b

Back 7

c) both a and b

Front 8

The ANS is divided into two categories, the _______ nervous system and the ______ nervous system.

Back 8

sympathetic
parasympathetic

Front 9

The preganglionic axon is longer in the _______ nervous system.

Back 9

parasympathetic

Front 10

A single neuron in the somatic nervous system affects skeletal muscle directly (true/false)

Back 10

true

Front 11

The postganglion of the autonomic nervous system in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are (myelinated/unmyelinated)

Back 11

unmyelinated

Front 12

The sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system affect all the same organs except ________.

Back 12

the adrenal gland

it is affected solely by the sympathetic nervous system.

Front 13

The parasympathetic division of the ANS is also referred to as "_________"

Back 13

rest and digest

promotes maintenance activities and conserves body energy

Front 14

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also referred to as"_______"

Back 14

fight or flight

mobilizes the body during activity

Front 15

Digestion is increased as one of the effects of the sympathetic nervous system (true/false)

Back 15

false

it is increased as an effect of the parasympathetic division

Front 16

The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are in the spinal cord segment T1-L2 (true/false)

Back 16

true

Front 17

The parasympathetic division of the ANS is also named the craniosacral division of outflow (true/false)

Back 17

true

Front 18

The thoracic preganglionic nerve from T5-L2 are also called _______ ________ ______.

Back 18

thoracic splanchnic nerves

Front 19

The postganglionic fibers of the thoracic splanchnic nerves serves the stomach, liver, intestines, spleen and kidneys (true/false)

Back 19

true

Front 20

The thoracic splanchnic nerves synapse at the celiac and inferior mesenteric ganglia. (true/false)

Back 20

false

they synapse at the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia

Front 21

The vagus nerve, cranial nerve ____, effects heart, lungs and most visceral organs.

Back 21

Cranial nerve ten (X)

Front 22

The sacral outflow of the parasympathetic division effects the large intestine, urinary bladder, ureters, kidneys and reproductive organs. (true/false)

Back 22

false

it does not effect the kidneys

Front 23

Upon entering a sympathetic trunk ganglion, a preganglionic fiber may:
a) synapse with a ganglionic neuron within the same ganglion
b) synapse with skeletal muscle to cause a contraction
c) ascend or descend the sympathetic trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion
d) pass through a trunk ganglion and emerge without synapsing
e) both a and c
f) a, c and d

Back 23

f) a, c and d

Front 24

The old term for the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia is __________.

Back 24

the solar plexus

Front 25

The postganglionic fibers of the thoracic splanchnic nerves serve the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen and kidneys (true/false)

Back 25

true

Front 26

All preganglionic fibers must synapse before reaching the adrenal medulla (true/false)

Back 26

false

some preganglionic fibers can pass directly to the adrenal medulla without synapsing

Front 27

Upon stimulation, medullary cells secrete ______ into the blood.

Back 27

epinephrine

Front 28

The integration center for visceral reflexes may be _______.
a) preganglionic neuron
b) a dorsal horn interneuron
c) within walls of the gastrointestinal tract
d) all of the above
e) none of the above

Back 28

d) all of the above

Front 29

The stimulus for visceral reflexes is recieved through the ________ root ganglion.

Back 29

dorsal

Front 30

Pain that is percieved as somatic in origin is called _____ _____ because visceral pain afferents travel along the same pathway as somatic pain fibers.

Back 30

referred pain

Front 31

Referred pain of the _______ may be felt in the right shoulder.

Back 31

gallbladder

Front 32

A common place of referred pain of the heart is felt in the _____.

Back 32

left arm

Front 33

Cholenergic fibers release ________.

Back 33

acetylcholine (ACh)

Front 34

All preganglionic axons of ANS and the postganglionic parasympathetic axons release acetylcholine (true/false)

Back 34

true

Front 35

Adrenergic fibers of the sympathetic division release _______.

Back 35

norepinephrine (NE)

Front 36

The two types of receptors that bind ACh are ________ and _______. They are named for the drugs that bind to them and mimic ACh effects.

Back 36

muscarinic
nicotinic

Front 37

Nicotinic receptors are found on
a) motor end plates of skeletal muscle cells
b) all postganglionic neurons (of sympathetic and parasympathetic)
c)only in the somatic nervous system
d) hormone producing cells of the adrenal medulla
e) a, b and d
f) a and b only

Back 37

e) a, b and d

Front 38

The effect of ACh at nicotinic receptors is always __________.

Back 38

stimulatory

Front 39

_________ receptors are found on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers.

Back 39

Muscarine

Front 40

The effect of ACh at the muscarine receptors are _______ depending on the receptor type the target organ.
a) excitatory
b) inhibitory
c) both excitatory or inhibitory

Back 40

c) both excitatory or inhibitory

Front 41

There are two types of adrenergic receptors. They are called alpha and delta (true/false)

Back 41

false

alpha and beta

Front 42

Alpha receptors are usually ________ and beta receptors are usually _______, except in the heart.

Back 42

alpha - excitatory
beta - inhibitory

Front 43

Most organs have _____ innervation.

Back 43

dual

Front 44

Dynamic (agonism/antagonism) allows for precise control of visceral activity.

Back 44

antagonism

Front 45

(Sympathetic/parasympathetic) tone controls blood pressure and keeps the blood vessels in a continual state of partial contraction.

Back 45

Sympathetic

Front 46

(Sympathetic/parasympathetic) tone dominates the heart and smooth mucles of the digestive and urinary tract organs.

Back 46

Parasympathetic

Front 47

Parasympathetic fibers cause vasodilation; are responsible for the erection of the penis or clitoris (true/false)

Back 47

true

Front 48

Parasympathetic fibers cause ejaculation of semen in males and reflex contraction of a female's vagina (true/false)

Back 48

false

Sympathetic fibers

Front 49

The adrenal medulla, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles kidneys and most blood vessels recieve only ________ fibers.
a) parasympathetic
b) sympathetic
c) somatic

Back 49

b) sympathetic

Front 50

Thermoregulatory responses to heat, release of renin from the kidneys and metabolic effects are controlled by the (sympathetic/parasympathetic) division.

Back 50

sympathetic

Front 51

The _______ division is short-lived, highly localized control over effectors while the ______ division has long-lasting body wide effects.

Back 51

parasympathetic
sympathetic

Front 52

The ________ is the main integration center for ANS activity.

Back 52

hypothalamus

Front 53

Hypothalmic functions are influenced by subconcious cerebral imput via the _______ lobe.

Back 53

limbic

Front 54

The cerebral cortex, the reticular formation and the spinal cord control the ANS along with the hypothalamus and the limbic lobe (true/false)

Back 54

true

Front 55

Ninety percent of all the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are found in the:
a) glossopharyngeal nerve
b) vagus nerve
c) trigeminal nerve
d) facial nerve
e) oculomotor nerve.

Back 55

b) vagus nerve

Front 56

The situation in which a myocardial infarction can cause pain in the superior thoracic wall and the left arm is known as:
a) referred pain.
b) visceral reflex arc.
c) dual innervation.
d) two-neuron motor chain.
e) somatic reflex arc.

Back 56

a) referred pain

Front 57

Which of the following activities is associated with the parasympathetic system?
a) emergency
b) exercise
c) excitement
d) embarrassment
e) digestion

Back 57

e) digestion

Front 58

Which of the following does NOT use acetylcholine?
a) neuromuscular junctions
b) sympathetic postganglionic fibers
c) autonomic preganglionic fibers
d) somatic motor neurons
e) parasympathetic postganglionic fibers

Back 58

b) sympathetic postganglionic fibers

Front 59

Which of the following is NOT associated with the vagus?
a) the otic ganglia
b) the cardiac plexuses
c) the esophageal plexuses
d) intramural ganglia in viscera
e) the dorsal motor nuclei in the medulla

Back 59

a) the otic ganglia

Front 60

Which of the following is NOT served by the superior cervical ganglion?
a) the irises of the eye
b) the heart
c) the salivary glands
d) the tarsal muscles of the upper eyelid
e) the skin of the head

Back 60

b) the heart

Front 61

Which of the following statements about nicotine receptors is INCORRECT?
a) nicotine is not the neurotransmitter. It is a drug that binds to this cholinergic receptor and stimulates the effect of acetylcholine.
b) they are found in the adrenal medulla.
c) when stimulated they may cause stimulation or inhibition according to the type of receptor present on the target organ.
d) they are found on skeletal muscle cells.
e) they can be found on the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic neurons or their targets.

Back 61

c) when stimulated they may cause stimulation or inhibition according to the type of receptor present on the target organ

Front 62

Which of the following substances is a hormone and a neurotransmitter?
a) nicotine
b) muscarine
c) dopamine
d) acetylcholine
e) norepinephrine

Back 62

e) norepinephrine

Front 63

Effectors of the somatic nervous system have:
a) beta adrenergic receptors.
b) cholinergic receptors.
c) alpha adrenergic receptors.
d) autonomic receptors.

Back 63

b) cholinergic receptors

Front 64

Which of the following effectors are NOT under control of the autonomic nervous system?
a) skeletal muscles
b) glands
c) smooth muscles of viscera
d) cardiac muscle

Back 64

a) skeletal muscles

Front 65

Which of the following abdominal organs gets its parasympathetic innervation from the sacral outflow?
a) the kidney
b) The distal half of the large intestine
c) the gallbladder
d) the stomach
e) The pancreas

Back 65

b) the distal half of the large intestine

Front 66

Which of the following would NOT occur when the parasympathetic system is active?
a) quiet breathing
b) constricted pupils
c) cold skin
d) gastrointestinal activity
e) low normal blood pressure

Back 66

c) cold skin

Front 67

Which of the following would NOT take place during exercise or vigorous physical activity?
a) decreased urinary tract motility
b) bronchial dilation to increase ventilation
c) increased glucose release from the liver to provide increased energy to cells
d) increased digestive activity to allow more glucose absorption for energy
e) constriction of visceral blood vessels to supply more blood to the heart and skeletal muscle

Back 67

d) increased digestive activity to allow more glucose absorption for energy

Front 68

Which of the splanchnic nerves terminates in the adrenal gland?
a) the abdominal aortic splanchnic
b) the sacral splanchnic
c) the thoracic splanchnic
d) the cervical splanchnic
e) the lumbar splanchnic

Back 68

c) the thoracic splanchnic

Front 69

Which of the following neurotransmitters would be the only secretion of the sympathetic preganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system?
a) acetylcholine
b) norepinephrine
c) acetylcholinesterase
d) epinephrine

Back 69

a) acetylcholine

Front 70

The division of the autonomic nervous system that puts you into "fight-or-flight" mode is the:
a) cerebral cortical branch.
b) parasympathetic division.
c) sympathetic division.
d) somatic branch.

Back 70

c) sympathetic division

Front 71

Neurotransmitters released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers going to the heart would cause:
a) an increase in rate and force of contraction.
b) a decrease in rate and an increase in force.
c) an increase in rate and a decrease in force.
d) a decrease in both rate and force.

Back 71

a) an increase in rate and force of contraction

Front 72

The autonomic nervous system differs from the somatic nervous system in all of the following characteristics, except:
a) its target organs.
b) the structural characteristics of its neurons.
c) its effectors.
d) its efferent pathways.

Back 72

b) the structural characteristics of its neurons

Front 73

Dual innervation means that:
a) both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system supply an organ.
b) an organ is innervated by both a spinal and cranial nerve.
c) an organ is supplied by both the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
d) an organ is supplied by both the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

Back 73

a) both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system supply an organ.

Front 74

Which of the following cranial nerves synapses in the otic ganglion?
a) Glossopharyngeal
b) Olfactory
c) Optic
d) Vagus

Back 74

a) glossopharyngeal

Front 75

The presence of numerous preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the gray mater of the spinal cord produces the ________.
a) spinal canal
b) posterior horns
c) lateral horns
d) anterior horns

Back 75

c) lateral horns

Front 76

The postganglionic sympathetic axons enter the adjoining spinal nerves by way of the:
a) sweat glands.
b) gray rami cummunicantes.
c) white rami cummunicantes.
d) arrector pili.

Back 76

b) gray rami communicantes

Front 77

The rami cummunicantes are designated white or gray depending on whether they are:
a) myelinated or not.
b) from the sympathetic or parasympathetic system.
c) in the thoracic or lumbar region.
d) from the white or gray matter of the central nervous system.

Back 77

a) myelinated or not

Front 78

Embryonically, the sympathetic ganglia and the ___________ arise from the same tissue.
a) hypothalamus
b) adrenal medulla
c) medulla oblongata
d) adrenal cortex

Back 78

b) adrenal medulla

Front 79

The phenomenon of referred pain can be explained by the fact that:
a) visceral pain afferents travel the same pathway as somatic pain fibers.
b) visceral pain efferents travel the same pathway as somatic pain fibers.
c) parasympathetic fibers travel the same pathway with many of the cranial nerves.
d) sympathetic fibers travel the same pathway with many of the cranial nerves.

Back 79

a) visceral pain afferents travel the same pathway as somatic pain fibers.

Front 80

Beta 3 receptors are only found in:
a) the adrenal medulla.
b) the lungs and bronchi.
c) the kidneys.
d) adipose tissue.

Back 80

d) adipose tissue

Front 81

Albuterol used to treat asthma binds to ___________ and causes bronchiole dilation.
a) Alpha 2 receptors
b) Beta 2 receptors
c) Alpha 1 receptors
d) Beta 1 receptors

Back 81

c) Beta 2 receptors

Front 82

Nicotinic agents are only used:
a) to increase blood pressure in hypotensive patients.
b) in smoking cessation products.
c) to regulate the heart rate in patients with bradycardia.
d) to regulate the heart rate in patients with tachycardia.

Back 82

b) in smoking cessation products

Front 83

During vigorous activity, which of the following actions would be dampened?
a) the digestion of food
b) the respiratory rate
c) the flow of blood to cardiac muscle
d) the release of glucose into the blood stream

Back 83

a) the digestion of food

Front 84

Lateral horns are absent in the sacral region of the spinal cord (true/false)

Back 84

true

Front 85

Most the fine-tuning of body functions occurs without our awareness or attention (true/false)

Back 85

true

Front 86

The parasympathetic division exerts short-lived, highly localized control over its effectors (true/false)

Back 86

true

Front 87

Transmission through the autonomic motor system is faster than through the somatic motor system (true/false)

Back 87

false

it is slower

Front 88

Usually, the parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation of a target organ oppose each other, but they sometimes have cooperative effects (true/false)

Back 88

true

Front 89

As we age the efficiency of the autonomic nervous system decreases (true/false)

Back 89

true

Front 90

Taking a class in Yoga is generally very relaxing as a result of the stimulation of sympathetic effectors (true/ false)

Back 90

false

stimulation of the parasympathetic effectors

Front 91

Both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors have several subclasses (true/false)

Back 91

true

Front 92

The main integration center of the ANS is the cerebral cortex (true/false)

Back 92

false

it is the hypothalamus

Front 93

The sympathetic trunk extends only from the thorax to the lumbar region where the sympathetic fibers arise (true/false)

Back 93

false

Although sympathetic fibers arise only from the thoracic and lumbar areas, the sympathetic trunk extends from the neck to the pelvis

Front 94

The parasympathetic nervous system has little or no effect on blood vessels (true/false)

Back 94

true

Front 95

One of the major differences between the somatic and visceral motor divisions is the presence of two neurons in the visceral pathway (true/false)

Back 95

true

Front 96

The preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division is generally shorter than in the parasympathetic division (true/false)

Back 96

true

Front 97

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

Back 97

to stimulate skeletal muscles

Front 98

__________ is released by all somatic motor neurons at their synapses and always excites muscle contraction.

Back 98

acetylcholine

Front 99

What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerves?

Back 99

activating the parotid salivary glands

Front 100

As the vagus nerves pass into the thorax, they send branches to the cardiac plexuses to increase heart rate (true/false)

Back 100

false

As the vagus nerves pass into the thorax, they send branches to the cardiac plexuses supplying fibers to the heart that slow heart rate

Front 101

The sympathetic division is anatomically more complex than the parasympathetic division (true/false)

Back 101

true

Front 102

__________ and __________ are the major neurotransmitters released by autonomic nervous system neurons

Back 102

Acetylcholine/norepinephrine

Front 103

Norepinephrine and epinephrine can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects on target organs (true/false)

Back 103

true

Front 104

Why do doctors sometimes prescribe drugs called "alpha-blockers" to treat hypertension?

Back 104

They interfere with (block) the activity of vasomotor fibers that control blood vessel tone.

Front 105

Although sympathetic nerve impulses act only briefly, they provoke hormonal effects that last much longer (true/false)

Back 105

true

Front 106

The _______ _______ may subconsciously modify the workings of the autonomic nervous system

Back 106

cerebral cortex

Front 107

Autonomic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (true/false)

Back 107

true

Autonomic neuropathy (damage to autonomic nerves) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus

Front 108

Blood "shunting" helps maintain circulation to vital organs during circulatory shock (true/false)

Back 108

true