The Americas

Front 1

Describe the history of wine and vines as it pertains to the East Coast of the US

Back 1

there were many wild vines when the norse explorers came (they called it vinland), however these indigenous grapes were unsuitable for wine.

settlers brought vinifera, but since it was from europe, it was susceptible to phylloxera!

Front 2

Who was Dr. Konstantin Frank

Back 2

hired by East Coast winery
shoed how vinifera could work in N. America

Front 3

Describe the conditions of the West Coast of the US and how it pertained to wine history

Back 3

spanish settlers
wine a big part of church
mission variety - not very high quality

Front 4

What was a key impediment to wine culture in the US in the 1920s - 1933 and why?

Back 4

prohibition

stopped quality and technological advances

took a while for demand to grow after prohibition ended.

Front 5

Describe AVA

Back 5

American Viticultural Area

defined by geographic, climatic, topographic boundaries

recent

no regulations on yields: grape varieties

AVA does NOT have to appear on label

Front 6

Describe California's wine industry in the US

Back 6

95% of the wine

range of quality

lots of investment and customer interest

consumers now wanting high quality

UC Davis University has contributed via research

Front 7

Describe California's climate in general terms

Back 7

Mediterranean

Fog and ocean influences

Spring frost can be a threat

Front 8

Describe the soils of California in general terms

Back 8

generally fertile

alluvial

rich loam

volcanic

granite

Front 9

Describe the Viticulture techniques of California

Back 9

lower density than EU

Irrigation common

Mechanical Harvesting, but Hand harvesting in quality vineyards

Many training systems

Organic viticulture

Phylloxera and Pierce's disease are threats

Front 10

Describe the history and affects of Phylloxera in California

Back 10

UC Davis developed a hybrid rootstock (AXR1).

Was originally resistant, but then became susceptible to a strain

1980's - 2nd wave

1990's - major replanted

Front 11

How was Phylloxera beneficial to California?

Back 11

they started planting according to the soil, proper density, etc.

Front 12

What other disease is a threat to California and describe it?

Back 12

Pierce's disease

glassy-winged sharpshooter

bacterial

Front 13

What grapes are most susceptible to Pierce's disease?

Back 13

Chardonnay

Pinot Noir

Front 14

What is the cure for Pierce's disease?

Back 14

There isn't one :(

Front 15

What type of wine does California usually produce?

Back 15

Modern

fruit forward, full-bodied wines

soft texture (late harvesting)

Front 16

Whites of California

Back 16

Chardonnay

Sauvignon Blanc

Chenin Blanc

Front 17

Reds of California

Back 17

Cabernet Sauvignon

Merlot

Malbec

Zinfandel

Pinot Noir

Syrah

Front 18

Describe the wine and growing conditions of Lodi / Woodbridge AVA

Back 18

highly productive (high yields)

warm, dry

northern valley between mountain ranges

Zinfandel! (adapts best to this heat)

everyday drinking

Front 19

Describe the general climate of the Napa Valley AVA

Back 19

warmer in the north

fog

valley floor extensively planted

known for cabernet sauvignon!

Front 20

Name 4 subregions of the Napa Valley

Back 20

Oakville AVA
Rutherford AVA
Howell Mountain AVA
Stag's Leap AVA

Front 21

Describe the wines of Oakville AVA

Back 21

concentrated fruit

middle of the valley

CS

Front 22

Describe the wines of Rutherford AVA

Back 22

distinct minerality

CS

Front 23

What do Rutherford AVA and Oakville AVA have in common?

Back 23

rich, deep soils

classic Cab Sauv

some of the most expensive land

Front 24

Describe the wines and climate of Howell Mountain AVA

Back 24

tannic

higher acid (from high altitude)

can be austere in youth (need age)

volcanic, shallow, infertile (leads to minerality)

Front 25

Describe the wines and climate of Stag's Leap AVA

Back 25

herbal notes

bright red, fruity wines

at best: iron fist in a velvet glove


valley floor, but wind in the afternoon

slower ripening

Front 26

Describe the wines and climate of Carneros AVA

Back 26

chardonnay
pinot noir
sparkling wine!

fog and wind sucked in from ocean (cools and dries moisture)

earlier ripening varieties

sometimes labelled carneros, sometimes napa

Front 27

which is larger, Sonoma County AVA or Sonoma Valley AVA?

Back 27

Sonoma County AVA - it covers the entire county, whereas Sonoma Valley AVA just covers best wines from higher elevations.

Front 28

What type of wine is Sonoma Valley AVA known for?

Back 28

Zinfandel

Front 29

Name 3 Sonoma County AVA's

Back 29

Sonoma Valley AVA

Russian River Valley AVA

Dry Creek AVA

Front 30

Describe the wines and climate of the Russian River Valley AVA

Back 30

Redwood trees and fog

Profound ocean influence

Zinfandel and Pinot Noir

Front 31

Describe the wine of Dry Creek AVA

Back 31

spicy, voluptuous Zinfandels

Front 32

Describe the climate of Central Coast AVA

Back 32

granite ridges running east and west

cold ocean current

lower temperatures (cooler summer)

Maritime climate

Front 33

Memorize these positions

Back 33

http://www.sonomawinegrape.org/ava_map.html

Front 34

Name some AVA's in the Central Coast AVA region

Back 34

Santa Barbara AVA
Santa Maria AVA
Santa Ynez AVA

Front 35

What types of wines is the Central Coast known for and who has influenced this?

Back 35

Top quality Pinot Noir

Chardonnay

The Rhone Rangers!

Front 36

Describe the cuisine, food style, and ingredients of California

Back 36

fusion
local ingredients
many cultures influenced

avocado, swordfish, shrimp, oranges

Front 37

Where is Washington's center for grape growing?

Back 37

Columbia Valley, Eastern WA
(east of Cascade Mtns)

Front 38

Where is Washington's center for wine making?

Back 38

Western Washington, around Seattle

Front 39

Describe the climate of Western WA

Back 39

wet
humid
west of mountains (creates a rain shadow)
marginal growing conditions

Front 40

Describe the climate of Eastern WA

Back 40

cold continental
east of Cascades
arid dessert summers
very cold winters

Front 41

What do Western and Eastern WA have in common?

Back 41

short growing seasons

Front 42

Viticulture style of Washington

Back 42

high cordon training
- vines face south for protection in winter
- cold air is low

sandy loam soil

wind machines, etc. protect against winter freeze

irrigation from columbia river

merlot (but it's sensitive to frost)

structure from extreme day / night temps

Front 43

Why is sandy loam soil good for Washington?

Back 43

inhospitable to phylloxera

Front 44

Vinification style of Washington

Back 44

modern
advanced technology

wide use of oak

grapes and juice transported far to winery - so use of sulphur is key

Front 45

Wines of Washington and how they differ from California

Back 45

Merlot
Cabernet Sauvignon
Syrah
Riesling
Chardonnay

bright fruit and crisp acidity (differing from Cali)

Front 46

Name the largest AVA in Washington as well as some of the AVA's in it

Back 46

Columbia Valley AVA

AVA's within it:
Yakima Valley
Walla Walla Valley
Red Mountain
Wahluke Slope
Horse Heaven Hills
Rattlesnake Hills
Columbia Gorge

Front 47

What AVA is shared with Oregon?

Back 47

Columbia Gorge AVA

Front 48

What AVA covers the Coastal area of Washington?

Back 48

Puget Sound AVA

Front 49

Describe the size of production and level of quality of Oregon wines

Back 49

small production, small growers

high quality

many individual grower sites

Front 50

Describe the general climate of Oregon

Back 50

cool maritime

west side of cascades

Front 51

Describe the soil of Oregon

Back 51

Nothing exceptionally fertile

Volcanic
Marine Fossils
Red-clay loam

Front 52

Describe the Viticulture techniques of Oregon

Back 52

Canopy management to increase sunlight

Cane pruning

Environmental consciousness (sustainable, organic, biodynamic). LIVE movement

long term vineyard contracts

better clone is key to quality

Front 53

What are the vinification styles of Oregon?

Back 53

many single varietal wines

burgundian techniques adopted

use of old AND new barrels

Front 54

What is the flagship grape of Oregon?

Back 54

Pinot Noir

Front 55

What is the most planted grape of Oregon?

Back 55

Pinot Gris

Front 56

Name 3 additional whites grown in Oregon

Back 56

chardonnay
riesling
gewurztraminer

(in addition to pinot gris)

Front 57

What is the most important AVA of Oregon and where is it?

Back 57

Willamette Valley

largest area

excellent reputation for Pinot Noir

Located in the foothills of the Cascade mountains

Front 58

Name some sub-AVA's of Willamette Valley AVA

Back 58

All AVAs:

Yamhill-Carleton
McMinnville
Dundee Hills
Ribbon Ridge
Eola-Amity Hills
Chehalem Mountains

Front 59

Pacific Northwest food?

Back 59

oysters
salmon
hazelnuts
mushrooms
black truffles
lamb
artisan cheeses

Front 60

Name the 2 grape growing regions of Canada

Back 60

Niagara Peninsula
Okanagan Valley

Front 61

What is the organization that regulated wine in canada?

Back 61

VQA = Vintners Quality Alliance

defines regional boundaries

guarantees grapes grown in canada

Front 62

Describe the climate of the Niagara Peninsula

Back 62

cold continental
humid in summer
winter freeze a threat
great lakes moderate

Front 63

Describe the climate of the Okanagan Valley

Back 63

cold continental
arid desert conditions
lake okanagan has moderating effect

Front 64

What type of growing season do niagara and the okanagan share?

Back 64

short growing season

(also, vintage variation)

Front 65

What type of soil does the Niagara Peninsula have?

Back 65

limestone
glacial till

Front 66

What kind of soil does the Okanagan Valley have?

Back 66

sand!

Front 67

Describe the viticulture of the niagara peninsula

Back 67

winter protection practices
cold resistant rootstocks

Front 68

describe the viticulture of the okanagan valley

Back 68

irrigation by lake okanagan
frost protection in early spring

Front 69

What types of grape varieties is the Niagara known for?

Back 69

riesling
cabernet franc

also, history of hybrids:
vidal
baco noir
(combat frost, winter)

Front 70

what types of grape varieties is the Okanagan Valley known for?

Back 70

pinot gris
pinot blanc
riesling
pinot noir
merlot
syrah
chardonnay

Front 71

describe the history of wine in chile

Back 71

spanish conquistadores brought vines
france had a greater influence on the industry
botanical nursery set up in 1830 (bank of cuttings before phylloxera)
phylloxera never hit chile! (also, cause it was isolated)

Front 72

Describe the climate of chile

Back 72

mediterranean
ocean breezes (pacific ocean to the west)
altitude influence specific sites (andes mountins in the east)

Front 73

soil in chile?

Back 73

sand

Front 74

describe the viticulture of chile

Back 74

irrigation from melted
ungrafted vines
lifecycle of vine opposite of N. America (harvest february to may)

Front 75

What is the wine style and what types of wines does chile make?

Back 75

style is in between old and new world

cabernet sauvignon
merlot
carmenere (late ripening red)
chardonnay
sauvignon blanc

Front 76

Name 5 important regions of Chile

Back 76

Aconcagua
Casablanca
Maipo
Rapel
Maule
Bio Bio

Front 77

Where is Aconcagua and what type of wine does it produce?

Back 77

most northerly region
hot, dry, interior
good red wines

Front 78

What is the climate and wine style of Casablanca?

Back 78

cool, wet (close to ocean)
some fog
crisp whites
pinot noir

Front 79

What is the best known region of Chile and what type of wine does it produce?

Back 79

Maipo
(south of santiago)
cabernet sauvignon and chardonnay are the most widely planted varieties

Front 80

What are the subregions of Rapel and what type of wine does this area produce?

Back 80

Cachapoal
Colchagua

Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot

Front 81

what regions are cooler and have excellent potential in chile?

Back 81

maule
bio bio

Front 82

Describe the wine industry in argentina

Back 82

large producer (world's 5th biggest)

large consumers

many european influences

traditionally high yields of low quality wine

bulk wine for export

recent focus on high quality wine for exports

cheap labour, inexpensive wine

Front 83

Describe the climate of argentina

Back 83

warm continental
altitude moderates heat
low rainfall

Front 84

soils in argentina?

Back 84

sand
clay
alluvial

Front 85

Describe the viticulture of Argentina

Back 85

traditionally very high yields
best sites at high altitudes
irrigation channels (recently moved to drip irrigation from flood irrigation)

Front 86

Vinification style of Argentina?

Back 86

quality producers doing concentrated reds with some oak
crisp whites

previously:
bulk wine production perfected in 1960s and 1970s
traditionally production of light colored roses

Front 87

Wines of argentina?

Back 87

malbec*
cabernet sauvignon
bonarda (italian)
torrontes (aromatic white)
chardonnay
syrah

Front 88

Describe the 3 main wine regions in Argentina

Back 88

Mendoza
San Juan
Cafayate (Salta)

Front 89

Wine style of Mendoza

Back 89

concentrated reds

(largest production, foreign investment)

Front 90

Who is 2nd in terms of production in argentina?

Back 90

San Juan

Front 91

type of wine from cafayate (northerly region in salta)

Back 91

aromatic torrontes

Front 92

Food and ingredients of argentina

Back 92

fresh fruit and veggies
seafood
beef
organ meats
avocado
seafood, steak
beans
corn
squash
chilies