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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
utopias
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reformers who sought to improve society formed utopias
communities based on a visionof a perfect society |
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Robert Owen
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established New Harmony, Indiana, a village dedicated to cooperation rather than competition among its members
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Second Great Awakening
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Began revivals
Increased church membership Inspired people to become involved in missionary work and social reform movements |
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Lyman Beecher
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Connecticut minister and crusader against use of alcohol
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revivals
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frontier camp meetings with eloquent preachers, praying, singing, weeping, and shouting
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temperance
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drinking little or no alcohol
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temperance movement
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gathered momentum when American Society for the Promotion of Temeperance was formed
Crusaders used lectures, pamphlets, and revival-style rallies to warn people of the dangers of liquor Many states passed laws to ban the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages, but they were resented and later repealed |
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Horace Mann
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Leader of educational reform
Lawyer who became head of the Massachusetts board of education During his term, the school year was lenghtened to sixmonths, made improvements in school curriculum, doubled teachers' salaries, and developed better ways of training teachers. Partly due his efforts, Massachusetts founded the nation's first state-supported normal school. |
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normal school
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school for training high-school graduates as teachers
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Three basic principles of education
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schools should be free and supported by taxes
teachers should be trained children should be required to attend school |
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Thomas Gallaudet
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Developed a method of educating people who were hearing impaired
Opened Hartofrd School for the Deaf in Connecticut |
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Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe
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Advanced cause of those who were visually impaired.
Developed books with large raised letters that people with sight impairments could "read" with their fingers. Headed the Perkins Institute in Boston |
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Dorothea Dix
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Revealed to the US how horribly mentally ill people were treated
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George Catlin
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Painted hundreds of pictures of Native American life in the West
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John James Audubon
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Portrayed birds of America
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Transcendentalists
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Stressed relationship between humans and nature as well as the importance of the individual conscience
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Margaret Fuller
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Leading Transcendentalist
Supported rights for women Writer |
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Ralph Waldo Emerson
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Leading Transcendentalist
Writer In his poems and essasys, he urged people to listen to the inner voice of conscience and to break the bonds of prejudice |
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Henry David Thoreau
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Leading Transcendentalist
Put his beliefs into practice through civil disobidience 1846- went to jail rather than pay a tax to support the Mexican War |
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civil disobedience
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refusing to obey laws he thought were unjust
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James Fenimore Cooper
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One of the most popular authors in 1800s
Wrote of the clash between the values of the white settlers on the frontier and those of Native Americans |
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Washington Irving
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One of the most popular authors in 1800s
Wrote tales set in the Hudson River valley of New York |
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Nathaniel Hawthorne
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Descendant of early Massachusetts colonists
Wrote of moral struggles in Puritan New England |
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Herman Melville
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Used his experiences at sea and wrote Moby Dick, an epic tale of a whaling captain's search for revenge
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Edgar Allan Poe
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Explored world of the supernatural
Perfected modern detective story Had been called "father of the modern short story" |
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Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
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Wrote narrative poems
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Walt Whitman
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Captured American impuluse for self-improvement and equality
Wrote of a growing, confident people |
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Emily Dickinson
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Wrote simple, deeply personal poems
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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Wrote most successful best-sell of the mid-1800s, Uncle Tom's Cabin
Novel explores injustice of slaver- an issue that took on new urgency during the age of reform |
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abolitionists
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members of the growing band of reformers who worked to abolish slavery
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Benjamin Lundy
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Founded newspaper in 1815 to spread abolitionist message
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American Colonization Society
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Formed in 1817 by a group of white Virginians
Worked to free enslaved workers gradually by buying them from slaveholders and sending them abroad to start new lives Did not halt growth of slavery |
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Problems with Resettling the African Americans
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Number of enslaved people continued to increase at a steady pace
American Colonization Society could ony resettle a small number of African Americans Most African Americans did not want to go to Africa |
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William Lloyd Garrison
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Abolitionist
Stimulated growth of antislavery movement Founded his own newspaper, The Liberator First white abolitionist to call for the "immediate and complete emancipation [freeing]" of enslaved people Attracted enough followers to start the New England Antislavery Society in 1832 and American Antislavery Society a year later |
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Sarah Grimke and Angelina Grimke
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First women who spoke out publicly against slavery
Born in South Carolina to a wealthy slaveholding family Wrote and lectured against slavery Early supporters of women's rights |
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Fighting slavery [African Americans]
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Took active part in organizing and directing the American Antislavery Society
Subscribed in large numbers to William Lloyd Garrison's The Liberator. Founded many newspapers that promoted abolition |
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David Walker
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African American whom published an impassioned argument agaisnt slavery, challenging African Americans to rebel and overthrow slavery by force
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Frederick Douglass
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Most widely known African American abolitionist
Escaped from slavery in Maryland and joined Massachusetts Antislavery Society Traveled widely to address abolitionist meetings, regardless of being caught Won admiration as a powerful and influential speaker and writer Edited an antislavery newspaper called North Star Insisted that African Americans recieve not just their freedom but full equality with whites as well |
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Sojourner Truth
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Once known as Isabella Baumfree or "Belle"
When New York banned slavery, she fled and gave herself a new name, "Sojourner Truth" Worked in movements for abolitionism and women's rights |
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Underground Railroad
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Some abolitionists risked prison and death by helping enslaved people escape
Network of escape routes out of the South came to be known as the Underground Railroad Passengers on this "railroad" often traveled through the night, often on foot, but later on wagons During the day, passengers rested at attics, barns, church basements, anywhere they could hide African Americans on railroad hoped to settle in a free state in the North or move on in Canada Only helped a tiny fraction of enslaved population Most who used it came from border states Gave hope to those who suffered in slavery Provided abolitionists with a way to help some enslaved people to freedom |
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Harriet Tubman
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Escaped slavery to become the most famous conductor on the Underground Railroad
Made many dangerous trips into South and guided hundreds of enslaved people to freedom Slaveholders offered a large reward for Tubman's capture of death, but she was never captured and lived to an old age |
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Why Southerners opposed abolitionism
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Believed it threatened South's way of life, which depended on enslaved labor
Claimed that slavery was essential to economic progress and prosperity in the South Argued that they treated enslaved people well, and that for AFrican Americans slavery was preferable to facotry work in the North |
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Why Northeners opposed abolitionism
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Saw antislavery movement as a threat to the nation's social order.
Claimed that if the enslaved African Americans were freed, they could never blend into American society Worried that freed slaves would flood the North and take jobs away from whites by agreeing to work for lower pay |
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Feminists
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People who work for women's rights
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Lucretia Mott
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Quaker
Gave lectures in Philadelphia calling for temperance, peace, workers' rights, and abolition Helped fugitive slaves and organized Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society Met Elizabeth Cady Stanton and joined forces Organized first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York |
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Seneca Falls Convention
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Issued Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions modeled on Declaration of Independence
Listed women's grievances against men Called for an end to all laws that discriminated against women Most convroversial issue at this convention concerned suffrage |
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Susan B. Anothony
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Daughter of a Quaker abolitionist in rural New York
Worked for women's rights, temperance, and the reform of New York property and divorce laws Called for equal pay for women, college training for girls and coeducation Organized first women's temperance association, Daughters of Temperance Led women's movement with Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
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coeducation
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teaching of boys and girls together
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Emma Willard
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Educated herself in subjects considered suitable only for boys
Established Troy Female Semiary in upstate New York |
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Mary Lyon
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Estabished Mount Holyoke Female Seminary
Modeled its curriculum based on that of nearby Amherst College |
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Elizabeth Blackwell
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Graduated at head of her class in Geneva College
Went on to become the first woman to recieve a medical degree Founded New York Infirmary for Women and Children |
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Lucy STone
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Oberlin College graduage
Became influential lecturer of abolitionism and women's rights |
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Maria Mitchell
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Librarian
Taught herself astronomy Gained world renown when she discovered a comet Became a professor of astronomy at Vassar College First woman elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences |
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Sarah Hale
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Editor of a popular magazine called Godey's Lady's Book
Influenced thousands of American women Mixed articles on fashions and other traditional female subjects with a call for women to stand up for their rights |