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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the 4 subfields
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Linguistics, Archaeology, Cultural anthropology, and Physical anthropology
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What is the difference between applied and academic anthropology?
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Applied anthropology refers to the application of method and theory in anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems.
Usually "applied" refers to a science or math, where you actually use it for things such as labs, experiments, etc., whereas "academic" is more geared towards lectures and things like that. |
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Linguistics – know what it is and what linguists study
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Linguistics is the scientific[1][2] study of natural language.[3][4] Linguistics encompasses a number of sub-fields. An important topical division is between the study of language structure (grammar) and the study of meaning (semantics and pragmatics).
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Know the 3 Subfields of linguistics and what they study
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Social-social dialects, gendered speech- males speak specifically, women hint at things
Descriptive- study of sounds, phoneology, Historical- |
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Know the parts of the brain that deal with speech: Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
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In most people (97%), both Broca's area and Wernicke's area are found in only the left hemisphere of the brain.
Broca area is located in the left frontal cortex. Wernicke's area is in the posterior part of the temporal lobe To speak a word that is read, information must first get to the primary visual cortex. From the primary visual cortex, information is transmitted to the posterior speech area, including Wernicke's area. From Wernicke's area, information travels to Broca's area, then to the Primary Motor Cortex. - If your broca area is injured you lose the ability to speak - If your wernicke’s area is injured you lose the ability to understand language |
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Fox P2 Gene
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While FOXP2 is not the “language gene” — many other genes are involved — it is the only gene that has so far been reliably associated with human language
Produces a protein that influences the other genes associated with speech in our bodies. |
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Phonology:
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1. The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.
2. The sound system of a language: the phonology of English. |
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Morphology:
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the internal structure of a word
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Gendered speech
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females hint at things while males speak more directly.
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Tonal language
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A language in which the sound of pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation and meaning.
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Paralanguage
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Voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning. These include vocalizations such as giggling, groaning, or sighing, as well as voice qualities such as pitch and tempo.
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What are the 2 types of morphemes?
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Bound- adding an s or ing or ed to a word
Free- anything without a bound |
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Morpheme:
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The smallest units of sound that carry a meaning in language. They are distinct from phenomes, which can alter meaning but have no meaning by themselves.
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Phenomes:
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The smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning in a language.
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What are social dialects?
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A dialect spoken by a speech community that is socially isolated from others. Social dialects are mostly based on class, ethnicity, gender, age, or particular social situations. The upper class English "public school" way of talking is an example of a social dialect.
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Archaeology – what is it what do they study
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The study of human cultures through the recovery and analysis of material remains and environmental data
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What is material culture?
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Materials that people leave behind. Found in archaeology mainly.
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Cultural anthropology- what is it, what do they do?
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Also known as social or sociocultural anthropology. The study of customary patterns in human behavior, thought, and feelings. It focuses on humans as culture-producing and culture reproducing creatures.
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Participant observation
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When you immerse yourself into a culture
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Cultural relativism
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The idea that one must suspend judgment of other people’s practices in order to understand them in their own cultural terms.
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Physical anthropology – what is it, what do they do? We have dealt primarily with this subfield so far
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Also known as biological anthropology. The systematic study of humans as biological organisms.
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Physical anthropologists study:
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They study humans as biological organisms.
Humans as biological organisms Human growth and development Human evolution |
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Biological plasticity – what does that mean?
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Biological plasticity is the ability of an organism to adapt its biological structure to conform to certain environmental changes.
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Forensics
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Forensic anthropology is a subfield of applied physical anthropology that specializes in the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes.
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What is the Body Farm?
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rotting bodies
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What are key differences between human and chimpanzees, which have led to the vast differences between our cultures? Be able to reference the tests scientists used to show these differences.
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Eichler and his colleagues found that the human and chimp sequences differ by only 1.2 percent in terms of single-nucleotide changes to the genetic code. But 2.7 percent of the genetic difference between humans and chimps are duplications, in which segments of genetic code are copied many times in the genome.
Scientists found key differences in areas linked to cell differentiation and immune response — and that could be just the beginning (Redon). Our DNA sequence is just about 98% identical to chimpanzees’. Abstract thought Concept of Mind The ability to generalize a strategy Active learning Active teaching High levels of cooperation |
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What is bipedalism? Why is it important? What are some physical characteristics that serve as identifiers for scientists studying the remains of human ancestors that tell them a hominid was bipedal?
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Bipedal is walking on 2 feet. It was important because it was easier to raise babies and therefore they could have more kids. IT was important for them to walk on 2 feet because the earth changed and they were forced to live on the ground the majority of the time because trees did not cover all terrain.
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What came first, bipedalism or large brains?
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bipedalism
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What is a saggital crest?
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A ridge of bone projecting up, from front to back, along the top midline of the skull. It serves as a muscle attachment area for the temparalis muscles that extend up both sides of the head from the mandible (jaw). The presence of a sagittal crest indicates that there are exceptionally strong jaw muscles. Some Australopithecus afarensis and the robust australopithecines (Australopithecus robustus, boisei, and aethiopicus) had sagittal crests. Among the living primates, the most prominent sagittal crests are found on adult male gorillas. Humans do not have them.
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Foramen magnum?
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The hole at the base of a skull through which the spinal cord passes. Literally, foramen magnum means a "large hole or opening" in Latin. The position of the foramen magnum is a strong indicator of the angle of the spinal column to the head and subsequently whether the body is habitually horizontal (e.g., as in the case of a horse) or vertical (e.g. as in the case of an ape or human).
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Physical anthropology – what is it, what do they do? We have dealt primarily with this subfield so far
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Also known as biological anthropology. The systematic study of humans as biological organisms.
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Physical anthropologists study:
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They study humans as biological organisms.
Humans as biological organisms Human growth and development Human evolution |
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Biological plasticity – what does that mean?
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Biological plasticity is the ability of an organism to adapt its biological structure to conform to certain environmental changes.
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Forensics
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Forensic anthropology is a subfield of applied physical anthropology that specializes in the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes.
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What is the Body Farm?
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rotting bodies
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What are key differences between human and chimpanzees, which have led to the vast differences between our cultures? Be able to reference the tests scientists used to show these differences.
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Eichler and his colleagues found that the human and chimp sequences differ by only 1.2 percent in terms of single-nucleotide changes to the genetic code. But 2.7 percent of the genetic difference between humans and chimps are duplications, in which segments of genetic code are copied many times in the genome.
Scientists found key differences in areas linked to cell differentiation and immune response — and that could be just the beginning (Redon). Our DNA sequence is just about 98% identical to chimpanzees’. Abstract thought Concept of Mind The ability to generalize a strategy Active learning Active teaching High levels of cooperation |
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What is bipedalism? Why is it important? What are some physical characteristics that serve as identifiers for scientists studying the remains of human ancestors that tell them a hominid was bipedal?
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Bipedal is walking on 2 feet. It was important because it was easier to raise babies and therefore they could have more kids. IT was important for them to walk on 2 feet because the earth changed and they were forced to live on the ground the majority of the time because trees did not cover all terrain.
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What came first, bipedalism or large brains?
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bipedalism
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What is a saggital crest?
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A ridge of bone projecting up, from front to back, along the top midline of the skull. It serves as a muscle attachment area for the temparalis muscles that extend up both sides of the head from the mandible (jaw). The presence of a sagittal crest indicates that there are exceptionally strong jaw muscles. Some Australopithecus afarensis and the robust australopithecines (Australopithecus robustus, boisei, and aethiopicus) had sagittal crests. Among the living primates, the most prominent sagittal crests are found on adult male gorillas. Humans do not have them.
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Foramen magnum?
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The hole at the base of a skull through which the spinal cord passes. Literally, foramen magnum means a "large hole or opening" in Latin. The position of the foramen magnum is a strong indicator of the angle of the spinal column to the head and subsequently whether the body is habitually horizontal (e.g., as in the case of a horse) or vertical (e.g. as in the case of an ape or human).
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Occipital bun?
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Occipital bun is a morphological term used to describe a prominent bulge, or projection, of the occipital bone at the back of the skull. Very rare in modern human beings.
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Supraorbital ridge?
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The curved upper border of the entrance to the eye socket. Brow ridge.
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The first to use tools
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Homo habilis
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The first to eat meat
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Homo habilis
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The first to leave Africa
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Homo heidelbergensis/ ergaster
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The first to make art (that lasted
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Homo sapien
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A species in Asia
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Homo erectus
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A species in Europe
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Homo neanderthalis
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Lucy
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Australopithecus afarensis
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Characteristics of primates
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next
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Community-
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Among chimps the largest social organizational unit is the community, usually composed of fifty or more individuals who collectively inhabit a large geographical are.
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Dominance Hierarchies
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some animals outrank and can dominate others, formed the basis of primate social structures.
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Grooming-
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The ritual cleaning of another animal’s skin and fur to remove parasites and other matter.
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Ovulation-
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moment when an egg released from the ovaries into the womb is receptive for fertilization.
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-Concealed ovulation-
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When females of a certain species conceal the fact that they are pregnant. Humans use this method by the constant absence of genital swelling. Bonobo’s also use this by the fact that that the females are perpetually always swollen. This is why humans can have sex much more, not only just to reproduce like some species do.
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Communication-
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Primates, like most animals use vocalization in order to communicate. They also use expressions and movements to communicate or send a message. Bonobo’s also use trail signs
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Tools-
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Primates use objects in order to facilitate some task or activity.
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Multiregional hypothesis
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Humans originated through a process of different transitions from many different regions. We don’t have different races because of gene flow. All evolve into homo sapiens. Erectus evolved into homo sapiens in Africa then spread out over the world.
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Would genetic or memetic evolution work faster? Example
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Memetic- people move houses, and adapt quickly into their new environment. Memetic evolution is pretty much just the transfer of ideas.
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Holism-
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looking at the whole picture, can you study us politics without knowing anything about society or religion. You have to study all things together, not just one thing in order to understand it. You need to understand humans as biological organisms along with cultural organisms.
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What are the Mechanisms of Revolution?
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next 4
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1) Natural Selection-
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Some individuals will survive and reproduce. Inheritable traits that make an organism better will be passed on.
-Ecological- adaption that will make you live -Sexual- make it easier to reproduce -Intro sexual- competition among same sex. -Inter sexual- females make choice on who to mate |
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2) Genetic Drift
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change in gene frequency in a population by random chance. This misrepresents the population as a whole. Founder effect: Omish problem with mouths, spread throughout population. Bottleneck: when a pop. Contracts in size by a large amount, ex: an avalanche. Lowers genetic diversity.
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3) Gene Flow
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adds genetic variation. People come together from different parts of the world mating on the way.
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4) Mutation-
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Some are beneficial, some are not. Blue eyes started with one man a long time ago and all people with that eye color and be genetically traced back to him.
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What are the Mechanisms of Revolution?
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next 4
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1) Natural Selection-
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Some individuals will survive and reproduce. Inheritable traits that make an organism better will be passed on.
-Ecological- adaption that will make you live -Sexual- make it easier to reproduce -Intro sexual- competition among same sex. -Inter sexual- females make choice on who to mate |
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2) Genetic Drift
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change in gene frequency in a population by random chance. This misrepresents the population as a whole. Founder effect: Omish problem with mouths, spread throughout population. Bottleneck: when a pop. Contracts in size by a large amount, ex: an avalanche. Lowers genetic diversity.
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3) Gene Flow
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adds genetic variation. People come together from different parts of the world mating on the way.
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4) Mutation-
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Some are beneficial, some are not. Blue eyes started with one man a long time ago and all people with that eye color and be genetically traced back to him.
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