Thas 201 Phonology - Phonological Processes

Front 1

Phonology

Back 1

• the study and description of the systems and patterns of phonemes that occur in a language (to convey meaning).
  
• how phonemes go together

Front 2

Phoneme

Back 2

• smallest entity that can distinguish meaning.
  

Front 3

Phonology vs Articulation

Back 3

• articulation basis - Physical forms of sounds are central (specific sounds)
  

• phonology basis - Linguistic function is central (language as a whole) - different sounds have distinctive features - more than one feature per sound

Front 4

* Distinctive Features *

Back 4

• the smallest sound properties that separate 1 phoneme from another - more to sounds than manner / placing / voice - there are deeper categories or features
  

• a deeper level of analysis showed:
  

1. Error sounds shared common features.
   
2. Specific error patterns existed.
   

Treat features rather than specific sounds

Look at categories rather than specific errors

Front 5

Phonological Processes

Back 5

simplification of a sound class in which target sounds are systematically deleted and/or substituted

children development at normal rates - for both sound and as well as phono processes

they are different for different languages

working on patterns not just one sound

Front 6

Natural Phonology

Back 6

explains the normal development ofchildren’s phonological systems. Phonological processes are:

1. easier for the child to produce
2. operating as children organize their phonological systems to move to their language-specific system
3. constantly being revised
   

Front 7

Child’s phonological system is constantly changing.

Back 7

3 things that account for these changes:

1. Limitation - normally different between child and adults by specific sounds, classes, sequence
   
2. Ordering - a sound system that appeared unordered and random becomes organized
   
3. Suppression - the stop to one or more processes
   

Front 8

Phonological Processes are categorized into different categories:

Back 8

1. Syllable structure processes - sound changes that affect the syllable structure of the word
   
2. Substitution processes - one sound class for another
   
3. Assimilatory processes - when a sound becomes similar to a neighbouring sound
   

Front 9

Syllable structure processes

Back 9

1. Cluster Reduction *
   
2. Reduplication *
   
3. Weak syllable deletion
   
4. Final consonant deletion *
   
5. Initial consonant deletion (deviant dev.)

Front 10

* Cluster reduction *

Back 10

simplification of a cluster to a single consonant

e.g. star -> tar

Front 11

* Reduplication *

Back 11

the syllable the structure is simplified in the 2nd syllable - either partial or total

e.g. water -> wawi (partial) or wawa (total)

Front 12

Weak syllable

Back 12

deletes the unstressed syllable - not very common

Front 13

* Final Consonant deletion *

Back 13

omission or deletion of the last consonant of the word

Front 14

* Initial Consonant deletion *

Back 14

• deviant development that is not a normal pattern
  
• omission or deletion of the first consonant of a word (could be a blend as well)

Front 15

Substitution processes - common ones

Back 15

1. Consonant cluster substitution *
   
2. Fronting *
3. Stopping *
4. Gliding of liquids *
5. Vowelization *
6. Voicing/Devoicing *
7. Backing (deviant process) *

Front 16

Substitution processes - uncommon ones

Back 16

Alveolarization - sub alveolar for non alveolar
Affrication - produces an affricate for fricative
Deaffrication - fricative for an affricate
Denasalization - produces a stop for a nasal
Voicing/Devoicing - voicing of a non voiced sound and vise versa

Front 17

* Consonant cluster substitution *

Back 17

• replacement of one consonant with another consonant blend when back to back
  

Front 18

* Fronting *

Back 18

• articulators further ahead then they should be for back sounds
  

• back production sounds (velar) produced in the front of the month
  

Front 19

* Stopping *

Back 19

• producing stops for fricatives
  
• or the deletion of fricative portion of an affricate

e.g. soap -> tope

fun -> pun

shake -> take

Front 20

* Gliding liquids *

Back 20

• production of the glide sounds /j or w/ for the liquid sounds /l or r/
  

e.g. red -> wed

look -> wook or yook

• this holds on longer in typical development
  

Front 21

* Vowelization *

Back 21

• replacement of liquids by vowels
  

e.g. table -> tabo

more -> mou

Front 22

* Backing *

Back 22

• deviant process
  
• opposite of fronting
• articulators are farther back than they are suppose to be

e.g. tote -> goat

Front 23

Types Assimilatory Processes

Back 23

1. Liquid assimilation - liquid sound influences non - liquid e.g. yellow -> lellow
2. Labial assimulation - labial sound influences non labial e.g. tub -> bub
3. Velar assimulation - velar sound influences non velar sound e.g. dog ->gog
4. Nasal assimulation - nasal sound influences non nasal e.g. bunny -> munny

Front 24

* Assimilation Process* definition

Back 24

• one sounds affects another
  
• it's the influence of how one sound affects another
  
• need a whole sample to classify them
• need to compare all the samples to classify them - needs to be consistant