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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Corticothalamic projections outnumber thalamocortical projects.
TRUE or FALSE |
TRUE
Thalamic nuclei typically receive dense reciprocal feeback connectinos from the cortical areas to which they project. |
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The thalamus is part of the:
a. Myelencephalon b. Mesencephalon c. Diencephalon d. Telencephalon |
c. Diencephalon
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The thalamus is divided into three sections by a Y-shaped white matter structure. What is the name of this structure?
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Internal Medullary Lamina
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What are the three divisions of the thalamus?
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1. Medial nuclear group
2. Lateral nuclear group 3. Anterior nuclear group |
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The nuclei located within the internal medullary lamina are called:
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Intralaminar nuclei
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What are the midline thalamic nuclei?
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They are an additional thin collection of nuclei lying adjacent to the third ventricle, several of which are continuous with and functionally similar to the intralaminar nuclei.
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What is the thalamic reticular nucleus?
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An extensive, but thin sheet enveloping the lateral aspect of the thalamus.
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What are the three main categories of thalamic nuclei?
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1. Relay nuclei
2. Intralaminar nuclei 3. Reticular nucleus |
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Of the three main categories of thalamic nuclei, which make up the majority of the thalamus?
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1. Relay nuclei
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What are relay nuclei in the thalamus?
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They recieve inputs from numerous pathways and then project to the cortex. In addition, relay nuclei receive massive reciprocal connections back from the cortex.
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Among the thalamic relay nuclei, projections to the primary sensory and motor areas tend to be the most localized.
TRUE or FALSE |
TRUE
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Where do most of the specific relay nuclei lie in the thalamus?
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In the lateral thalamus.
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What are the main INPUTS to the Ventral Posterior Lateral (VPL) nucleus?
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1. Medial lemniscus
2. Spinothalamic tract |
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What are the main OUTPUTS from the Ventral Posterior Lateral (VPL) nucleus?
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1. Somatosensory cortex
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What is the proposed function of the Ventral Posterior Lateral (VPL) nucleus?
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It relays somatosensory spinal inputs to the cortex.
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What are the main INPUTS to the Ventral Posterior Medial(VPM) nucleus?
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1. Trigeminal lemniscus
2. Trigeminothalamic tract 3. Taste inputs |
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What are the main OUTPUTS from the Ventral Posterior Medial (VPM) nucleus?
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1. Somatosensory cortex
2. Taste cortex |
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What is the proposed function of the Ventral Posterior Medial (VPM) nucleus?
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It relays somatosensory cranial nerve inputs and taste to the cortex.
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What are the main INPUTS to the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)?
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Retina
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What are the main OUTPUTS from the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)?
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Primary visual cortex
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What is the proposed function of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)?
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It relays visual inputs to the cortex
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What are the main INPUTS to the Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN)?
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Inferior colliculus
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What are the main OUTPUTS from the Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN)?
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Primary auditory cortex
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What is the proposed function of the Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN)?
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Relays auditory inputs to the cortex
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What are the main INPUTS to the Ventral Lateral (VL) nucleus?
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1. Internal globus pallidus
2. Deep cerebellar nuclei 3. Substantia nigra pars reticulata |
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What are the main OUTPUTS from the Ventral Lateral (VL) nucleus?
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1. Motor cortex
2. Premotor cortex 3. Supplementary motor cortex |
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What is the proposed function of the Ventral Lateral (VL) nucleus?
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It relays basal ganglia and cerebellar inputs to the cortex
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What are the main INPUTS to the Ventral Anterior (VA) nucleus?
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1. Substantia nigra pars reticulata
2. Internal globus pallidus 3. Deep cerebellar nuclei |
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What are the main OUTPUTS from the Ventral Anterior (VA) nucleus?
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Widespread to frontal lobe, including:
1. Prefrontal cortex 2. Premotor cortex 3. Motor cortex 4. Supplementary motor cortex |
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What is the proposed function of the Ventral Anterior (VA) nucleus?
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It relays cerebellar and basal ganglia inputs to the cortex.
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What are the main INPUTS to the Pulvinar?
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1. Tectum (extrageniculate visual pathways)
2. Other sensory inputs |
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What are the main OUTPUTS from the Pulvinar?
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Parietotemoporooccipital association
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What is the proposed function of the Pulvinar?
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Behavioral orientation toward relevant visual and other stimuli
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What are the main INPUTS to the Lateral Dorsal (LD) nucleus?
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Same as the anterior nucleus:
1. Mamillary body 2. Hippocampal formation |
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What are the main OUTPUTS from the Lateral Dorsal (LD) nucleus?
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Unknown
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What is the proposed function of the Lateral Dorsal (LD) nucleus?
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It functions with the anterior nuclei, which is associated with the limbic pathways.
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What are the main INPUTS to the Lateral Posterior (LP) nucleus?
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Same as the pulvinar:
1. Tectum (extrageniculate visual pathway) 2. Other sensory inputs |
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What are the main OUTPUTS from the Lateral Posterior (LP) nucleus?
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Unknown
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What is the proposed function of the Lateral Posterior (LP) nucleus?
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It functions with the pulvinar, which is associated with behavioral orientation toward relevant visual and other stimuli.
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What are the main INPUTS to the Mediodorsal (MD) nucleus?
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1. Amygdala
2. Olfactory cortex 3. Limbic basal ganglia |
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What are the main OUTPUTS from the Mediodorsal (MD) nucleus?
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Frontal cortex
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What is the proposed function of the Mediodorsal (MD) nucleus?
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Limbic pathways, major relay to the frontal cortex
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What are the main INPUTS to the Anterior nucleus?
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1. Mammillary body
3. Hippocampal formation |
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What are the main OUTPUTS from the Anterior nucleus?
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Cingulate gyrus
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What is the proposed function of the Anterior nucleus?
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Limbic pathways
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What are the main INPUTS to the Midline thalamic nuclei?
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1. Hypothalamus
2. Basal forebrain 3. Amygdala 4. Hippocampus |
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What are the main OUTPUTS from the Midline thalamic nuclei?
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1. Amygdala
2. Hippocampus 3. Limbic cortex |
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What is the proposed function of the Midline thalamic nuclei?
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Limbic pathways
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What are the main INPUTS to the Rostral Intralaminar Nuclei (i.e., Central medial nucleus, Paracentral nucleus, Central lateral nucleus)?
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1. Deep cerebellar nuclei
2. Globus pallidus 3. Brainstem 4. Ascending reticular activating system 5. Sensory pathways |
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What are the main OUTPUTS from the Rostral Intralaminar Nuclei (i.e., Central medial nucleus, Paracentral nucleus, Central lateral nucleus)?
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1. Cerebral cortex
2. Striatum |
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What is the proposed function of the Rostral Intralaminar Nuclei (i.e., Central medial nucleus, Paracentral nucleus, Central lateral nucleus)?
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1. To maintain alert consciousness
2. A motor relay for the basal ganglia and the cerebellum |
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What are the main INPUTS to the Caudal Intralaminar Nuclei (i.e., Centromedian nucleus, Parafascicular nucleus)?
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1. Globus pallidus
2. Ascending reticular activating system 3. Sensory pathways |
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What are the main OUTPUTS from the Caudal Intralaminar Nuclei (i.e., Centromedian nucleus, Parafascicular nucleus)?
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1. Striatum
2. Cerebral cortex |
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What is the proposed function of the Caudal Intralaminar Nuclei (i.e., Centromedian nucleus, Parafascicular nucleus)?
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It is a motor relay for the basal ganglia
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What are the main INPUTS to the Reticular Nucleus?
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1. Cerebral cortex
2. Thalamic relay 3. Intralaminar nuclei 4. Ascending reticular activating systems |
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What are the main OUTPUTS from the Reticular Nucleus?
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1. Thalamic relay
2. Intralaminar nuclei |
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What is the proposed function of the Reticular Nucleus?
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It regulates the state of the other thalamic nulcei.
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All sensory modalites have specific relays in the lateral thalamus en route to their primary cortical areas.
TRUE or FALSE |
FALSE
Olfaction does not go through the thalamus. |
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How are intralaminar nuclei differentiated from relay nuclei in the thalamus?
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Intralaminar nuclei's main inputs and outputs are from the basal ganglia.
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How is the reticular nucleus differentiated from relay and intralaminar nuclei?
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It is the only nucleus that does not project to the cortex.
It receives inputs mainly from the other thalamic nuclei and the cortex and then projects back to the thalamus. |
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What is Thalamic Pain Syndrome?
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It can be seen in patients with tumors of the thalamus.
It is a vague sense of pain without the ability to accurately localize it. |
