Th Test 2 (Naturalism/realism, Ind. Theatre Movement, New Stagecraft)

Front 1

Naturalism

Back 1

interest in science, the truthful presentation of theatrical realism, opposite of Romanticism; investigatory, psychologically real

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Emile Zola

Back 2

Initial and Leading theoretician of Naturalism; coined the term Naturalism

Front 3

case histories

Back 3

What Zola believed should be created by naturalism; illustrations of the results of environment and heredity on society and people

Front 4

preface to Therese Raquin

Back 4

first major statement by Zola regarding naturalism

Front 5

Naturalism and the Theatre

Back 5

another book by Zola

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David Belasco

Back 6

early 20th c melodramas;first running water tap on stage; bough, dismantled and reconstructed a tenement apartment on stage for The Easiest Way

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The Governor's Lady

Back 7

set in a restaurant called Childe's; bought restaurant and reconstructed it on stage; used real food

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kitchen realism

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name of realism in England (1950s); reproduction of entire rooms; personal nature of plays kept scenes in rooms like kitchens

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Independent theatres

Back 9

small houses; naturalistic or controversial theatre; would contribute to anti-realistic work

Front 10

Important Independent theatres

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-Theatre Libre of Paris (Andre Antoine

-Freie Buhne of Berlin (Otto Brahm)

-Independent Theatre of London (J.T. Grein)

-Provincetown Players of NY (Robert Edmond Jones)

-Abbey Theatre of Dublin

-Moscow Art Theatre

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Provincetown Players of NY

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first to stage Eugene O'Neill's plays; started in Provincetown, MA, but moved to Greenwich Village

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Theatre Libre

Back 12

ran by Andre Antoine; subscription basis (open only to members, and therefore free of government censorship); model for other countries' independent theatre

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The Butchers

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Andre Antoine hung real, dripping carcasses of beef on stage

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Andre Antoine

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ensemble acting; each play requires unique setting; discouraged rhetorical performance; electric light to enhance reality and change mood; opened his Theatre Antoine in 1897

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Theatre Guild

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formed by members of the Washington Square Players

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Moscow Art Theatre

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founded by Konstantine Stanislavsky and Vladimir Nemerovich-Danchenko; emphasized production over promulgating new plays; launched into fame by production of Chekhov's The Sea Gull

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New Stagecrat

Back 17

collective name of techniques of modern stagecraft

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George II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen

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created Meiningen Players (1870); first designer to use stage floor as element of design; most famous for theories of ensemble acting and stage blocking; discouraged star-complex; master of crowd staging (distinct personalities for each member of crowd, actors filling out into the wings)

Front 19

Adolphe Appia

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Swiss; stage lighting and non-illusionistic set design; removed proscenium arch; designed first theatre in modern times to have a completely open stage; argued each scene should have different setting; stage-lighting to blend elements of production design together; argued one person needed to be in charge of combining all elements of performance and design (strengthened role of the director)

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Leopold Jessner

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-use of platforms and steps that allowed new style of plays (especially expressionistic work); this was known as 'Jessnertreppen'

-eliminated all representational elements (including costumes and lighting); emphasized emotional and symbolic qualities

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Edward Gordon Craig

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son of Ellen Terry; began designing for Terry's Imperial Theatre around 1903; The Art of the Theatre; designed for Brahm, Elenora Dse, and Stanislavsky; theatre is independent art form; theatre artist welds action, words, line, color, form, and rhythm into pure product; director is primary artist; (most radical) theatre-work should be a master-work without any text; invented 'Craig screens' (tall, mobile, rectangular shapes used to restructure stage space); advocated use of 'ubermarionettes'

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Konstantine Stanislavsky

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stage name of Konstantine Sergeevich Alekseev

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Robert Edmond Jones

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advocated move from spectacle and exact realism toward simplified realism that suggested the real world; The Dramatic Imagination- "Stage designing should be addressed to the eye of the mind"