Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The enlightenment period is characterized by the following:
a. The rejection of philosophy as intro to theology b. An emphasis on the authority of the Church as a guide to truth c. Secularization d. A return to the golden age of the middle ages |
C secularization
|
|
|
What does Rene Descartes set as his standard for knowledge?
a. Mathematical certainty b. Historical reliability c. Probable opinion d. Credible testimony |
A. Mathematical certainty
|
|
|
What method does Descartes choose for his new philosophy?
a. Empiricism, using only the data of the senses b. Methodical doubt c. Transcendentalism d. quietism |
b methodical doubt
|
|
|
Descartes never doubts mathematical knowledge because such knowledge is perceived by the mind as clear and distinct. T/F?
|
False because evil demon arg.
|
|
|
After Descartes employs his new method, what is left? What is the first object of knowledge?
a. The circle, a perfect figure b. God, who cannot be doubted c. The cogito, the "I" or "thinking thing" d. The world, which is always before me/ |
C. The cogito, the "I" or "thinking thing"
|
|
|
What kind of proof does Descartes make for God?
a. A cosmological proof, proving God from causation. b. A intelligence of design proof, proving God from the intelligent order found in the universe. c. A moral proof, proving God as an explanation of morality d. An ontological proof, proving the existence of God from the idea of God. |
D. An ontological proof, proving the existence of God from the idea of God.
|
|
|
Descartes' "Turn to the subject" means knowledge begins with
a. ideas of the mind which are the object of knowledge b. the things of the world, which are known by the senses c. feelings d. fear of God |
a. ideas of the mind which are the object of knowledge
|
|
|
Nicolas de Malebranche believes all I knowledge comes from
a. study of scripture b. careful observation of the world c. word of mouth d. divine illumination, seeing divine ideas. |
d. divine illumination, seeing divine ideas.
|
|
|
Malebranche tries to solve the body/soul dualism of Descartes by saying that
a. the body is not real b. God is the efficient cause of all things c. The mind is not real d. God is an evil genius |
b. God is the efficient cause of all things
|
|
|
In Spinoza's philosophy of substance monism, God is
a. a product of human fantasy b. a free but irrational being c. not considered as part of Spinoza's analysis d. The only substance |
d. The only substance
|
|
|
In Spinoza's opinion, what is religion or revelation good for?
a. nothing b. teaching the truth c. obedience, controlling the passions d. explaining those things that go beyond reason |
c. obedience, controlling the passions
|
|
|
In the 17th century, new protestant churches were characterized by efforts
a. of systematization and clarification of their doctrinal positions b. to conserve the ideas of their founders c. of confessional orthodoxy d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
|
|
|
Who was a close collaborator and favored disciple of Luther who also differed with Luther in style and in some instances on substance
a. Menno Simons b. Philip Melanchthon c. John Mellencamp d. John Wesley |
b. Philip Melanchthon
|
|
|
The "strict lutherans" favored the use of Aristotle and philosophy as a way to explain the finer points of their theological system. T/F?
|
False
|
|
|
The "syncretistic controversy" within the Lutheran church involved what distinction?
a. the distinction between faith and works b. the distinction between God's foreknowledge and God's divine sovereignty c. The distinction between infralapsarian and supralapsarian d. The distinction between the fundamental and secondary articles of faith |
d. The distinction between the fundamental and secondary articles of faith
|
|
|
The main concern or central theological issue in the Calvinistic Churches in the 17th century was
a. the doctrine of predestination b. the mannerof the presence of Christ in the Eucharist c. the question of infant baptism d. the relationship of Church and state |
a. the doctrine of predestination
|
|
|
What criteria did Caliztus propose and use for making the distinction mentioned above
a. scrioture alone b. personal experience c. consensus of the first 5 centuries of the church d. the light of reason |
c. consensus of the first 5 centuries of the church
|
|
|
Which opinion holes that god's decree of election occurs before his decree of the fall? This opinion was considered by some to involve a more harsh image of God because while envisioning all humans still innocent he chose to save some and damn others
a. Microlapsarian b. Supralapsarian c. Infralapsarian d. Semilapsarian |
b. supralapsarian
|
|
|
Jacobus Arminius bases predestination or god's election on what?
a. purely on the divine decree b. the laws of nature c. God's foreknowledge of those who would believe d. the Works of the law |
c. God's foreknowledge of those who would believe
|
|
|
The doctrine of limited atonement insists that Christ's blood was shed for all women and men. T/F?
|
False
|
|
|
The Synod of Dort rejects Arminius and establishes a 5 point kind of Calvinistic creed. Which of the following is NOT included among those 5 points.
a. total depravity b. believer's baptism c. Irresistible grace d. Perseverance of the Saints |
b. believer's baptism
|
|
|
Who is considered the founder of the Pietism movement in Germany
a. John Wesley b. Philipp Jakob Spener c. Count Zinzendorf d. Count Chocula |
B. Phillp Jakob Spener
|
|
|
Which of the following characterized the pietism movement?
a. Small group bible study b. Lay leadership c. Stress on persoanl faith experience instead of doctrine d. All of the above |
D. all of the above
|
|
|
What happened to Wesley at Aldersgate?
a. He was excommunicated from tha Anglican Church b. He was caught spying on his rivals from another religious party/group c. He was jilted (dropped) by his fiance d. His heart was warmed with a felt assurance that Christ had forgiven him. |
d. His heart was warmed with a felt assurance that Christ had forgiven him.
|
|
|
Wesley was a quietist and preached against using the "means of grace" T/F?
|
False
|
|
|
Wesley followed Arminius and
a. rejects the perseverance of the saints (he believes we can lose our grace). b. Believes in unconditional election c. Affirms the doctrine of irresistible grace d. Becomes a Roman Catholic |
a. rejects the perseverance of the saints (he believes we can lose our grace).
|
|
|
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz solves the body-soul dualism of Descartes by claiming
a. God is the only substance and that all the other things in the world are his attributes b. There is only one kind of substance, a monad, and it is purely spiritual. c. God is the efficient cause of all things, including the movement of bodies. d. there is no spiritual substance |
B there is only one kind of substnace, a mondad, and it is purely spiritual
|
|
|
The Deists attempted to found religion on
a. feeling b. scripture alone c. faith in the authority of the church d. reason alone, a rationalistic religion |
d. reason alone a rationalistic religion
|
|
|
The deists image God as
a. a loving father b. a harsh judge c. a clockmaker d. santa claus |
c a clock maker
|
|
|
What is Anglican bishop Joseph Butler's relationship with the deists?
a. Agrees with the deists and tries to reconcile the Anglican church with rationalism b. tries to refute them by showing that reason includes more than mathematical certainty c. opposes the deists and says that hte faith has nothing to do with reason d. regularly invites them out for drinks |
b. tries to refute them by showing that reason includes more than mathematical certainty
|
|
|
An historical argument for the rationality/reasonableness of Christian revlation includes the credibility of the testimony of the apostles who were willing to die for their faith. T/F?
|
True
|
|
|
According the the empiricist tradition, knowledge comes from and is limited to
a. the innate ideas of the mind b. god's gift of illumination c. the senses d. the fantasy |
c. the senses
|
|
|
According to the empiricists, the human being is born with a mind
a. like a blank slate b. filled with ideas already imprinted on it c. filled with te categories that it imprints on the date of sensation d. that can see all things in God. |
a. like a blank slate
|
|
|
For the empiricicsts, what the mind properly and immediately knows are
a. God and his divine ideas b. Its own ideas c. Things in the world, independent of the mind. d. The essence or substance of things, or the metaphysical principles. |
B. it's own ideas
|
|
|
Unlike the idealists, Locke's system can account for revelation as reasonable because it is historical and is verifiable by empirical, historical study. T/F?
|
True
|
|
|
David hume, also an empiricist, is known for his
a. belief in metaphusics b. speculative proofs for the existence of god c. fervent defense of the faith d. skepticism, denying rational knowledge of causation or anything that goes beyond the simple sense impression. |
d. skepticism, denying rational knowledge of causation or anything that goes beyond the simple sense impression.
|
|
|
According to Hume, the idea of God and religion are irrational and are the operations of the fantasy
|
True
|
|
|
In his effort to save the sciences from skepticism and the faith from rational atheism, Kant employs what kind of method?
a. method of universal doubt b. transcendental method c. empirical method d. rhythm method |
b. transcendental method
|
|
|
Inspecting the contents of human consciousness,Kant concludes that there are 2 necessary conditions of human experience and knowledge. One is that experience has an empirical origin, or that data comes from the senses. What is the second?
a. There must be ideas in the divine mind which we see by the grace of God. b. That the sense data must contain within itself the hidden data of universality c. that knowledge is not possible d. There must be innate categories or "forms" in the mind which impose and organize the data of the senses. |
d. There must be innate categories or "forms" in the mind which impose and organize the data of the senses.
|
|
|
Why is Kant's solution to the problem of skepticism sometimes called agnostic?
a. because he is an atheist b. Because he thinks knowledge is not as important as feelings c. Because he allows for knowledge of appearances but not for things in and of themselves. d. Because he is a knight of infinite resignation |
c. Because he allows for knowledge of appearances but not for things in and of themselves.
|
|
|
In Kant's theory, "our world" is no longer so much something to be discovered but something we create with our minds. T/F?
|
False
|
|
|
Religion of faith cannot be based upon pure reason, according to Kant, because there can be no sense data of the immaterial. Upon what does he,then, found religion?
a. Founds religion on sentiment or feelings b. on the absurd c. on aesthetical or beautiful d. founds or reduces religion to practical reason,or to morality/ethics. |
d. founds or reduces religion to practical reason,or to morality/ethics.
|
|
|
Theologians in the 19th century were working in the context of a rapidly changing socio-political world. What characterized this century?
a. continued secularization of Church and state b. New discoveries in science and technology which led to an industrial revolution c. new interest and belief in progress and historical studies d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
|
|
|
Ludwig Feuerbach believes
a. there is no God and that the idea of God is a mere projection of the human mind. b. That God can be known in the feeling of radical dependency c. That God is the creator but remains distant d. That the Christian religion calls for a communist form of Government |
a. there is no God and that the idea of God is a mere projection of the human mind.
|
|
|
Karl Marx is an economimc and political materialist who believes that religion
a. is a helpful tool which can make people aware of economic injustice b. Is the opium of the people which the ruling class uses to dominate the oppressed. c. Provides the basis for human dignity which comes from the love of God. d. Should be promoted by the state for the purpose of order and ethics |
b. Is the opium of the people which the ruling class uses to dominate the oppressed.
|
|
|
Friedrich Nietzsche proclaims that God is dead. In his thought, there are no absolute values, and the optimistic project of modernity is over. Where, then, do human values come from?
a. From the will to power b. FRom the experience of human empathy c. From the mind's inherent categories d. From a recognition of the human good or ideals. |
a. From the will to power
|
|
|
One approach among the protestant theologians to deal with the changing situation in the 19th century was a type of theology called modern liberalism. This approach had what goal?
a. Uphold the reformation doctrine of sola scriptura b. Return to medieval scholasticism c. Reconcile Christianity with modern culture, accepting the modern critique. d. To reject modernity and refute its presuppositions |
c. Reconcile Christianity with modern culture, accepting the modern critique.
|
|
|
The 2 strands of modern protestant liberalism are
a. empiricism and idealism b. monadism and substance monism c. scepticism and probabilism d. romanticism and historical idealism. |
d. romanticism and historical idealism.
|
|
|
What does Schleiermacher found religion on?
a. ethics, the universal moral law b. The feeling of absolute dependency in human consciousness. c. On the authority of the Church's teaching d. Metaphysics, the knowledge of God through causation |
b. The feeling of absolute dependency in human consciousness.
|
|
|
How does Schliermacher evaluate Church doctrine, scripture, and the particulars of the faith?
a. they are primary, as theology should begin with the Word of God b. He is not interested in doctrine c. They are necessary but secondary, derivative d. they literally express hte truth about God. |
C. they are necessary but secondary derivative
|
|
|
According to Schleiermacher's system, only Christianity is a legitimate expression of religion. T/F?
|
False
|
|
|
Why does Christianity represent the highest form of religion according to Schliermacher?
a. Because its doctrines are most in accord with science b. Because Jesus achieves the highest union of the human with the divine by developing the highest form of absolute dependency. c. Because Christianity can be proved by historical studies while other religions are merely ideas. d. because Christians are, in fact, the most ethical of all religious people. |
b. Because Jesus achieves the highest union of the human with the divine by developing the highest form of absolute dependency.
|
|
|
Dogma, for Schliermacher, is an attempt to express the inexpressible, to set forth an affection in speech. T/F?
|
True
|
|
|
Sin for Schleiermacher is
a. to violate the law b. the failure or resistance to develop God consciousness c. A failure to act according to reason d. No longer a concept that makes sense in theology |
b. the failure or resistance to develop God consciousness
|
|
|
Schleiermacher's theology is open to the criticism of relativism, because all doctrine and religion is based in and made relative to something subjective in consciousness, a feeling. T/F?
|
True
|
|
|
For Schleiermacher, salvation is achieved because of the actions of Christ in the world which objectively reconcile us with God regardless of our subjective understanding/consciousness. T/F?
|
False
|
|
|
Hegel represents what approach or strand of modern protestant liberalism?
a. Romanticism b. Empiricism c. Historical idealism d. quietism |
c. Historical idealism
|
|
|
In Hegel's system, how does God relate to the world?
A. God is transcendent, infinitely distant and "other" B. God is immanent in the world, identified with human minds c. God is material, identified with the concrete objects of the world. d. God doesn't much care for the world. |
B. God is immanent in the world, identified with human minds
|
|
|
How does Hegel explain progress or historical development in the world as rational?
a. Historical development is not rational, but the result of random chance. b. Historical development is the result of material forces of causation, nothing more c. He did not believe in progress, but was searching for the immutable idea in history. d. Historical development is the result of a logical dialectic: thesis, antithesis, synthesis. |
d. Historical development is the result of a logical dialectic: thesis, antithesis, synthesis.
|
|
|
Hegel subordinates faith to reason, making the dialectic of the Absolute Spirit the highest truth or ultimate criteria. T/F?
|
True
|
|
|
How can we characterize the concept of truth in Hegel's system?
a. Truth is always a work in progress, developing with the dialectic. b. Truth is unattainable because the mind has only knowledge of sense impressions c. Truth is what was known always, everywhere, and by everyone. It does not change. d. Truth is the result of power, might makes right. |
a. Truth is always a work in progress, developing with the dialectic.
|
|
|
How does Soren Kierkegaard characterize the relationship between God and the human person?
a. Stresses the human person's capacity to know God by human reason. B. Stresses the infinite distance between God and the human person. C. Stresses knowledge of God by living a good life, doing the ethical. D. Stresses God as an abstract concept existing in our mind. |
B. Stresses the infinite distance between God and the human person.
|
|
|
For Kierkegaard, the primary category is not the universal of reason, but
a. the abstract, spiritual b. The formal of logic c. The feelings of consciousness d. The concrete, individual, or "existence" |
d. The concrete, individual, or "existence"
|
|
|
Which one of the following is NOT one of the 3 stages or levels of life, according to Kierkegaard?
a. Aesthetic b. Ethical c. Hierarchical d. Religious/faith |
c. Hierarchical
|
|
|
In Kierkegaard's essay The Knight of faith and the Knight of infinite Resignation, how does the knight of faith make the movements of infinity?
A. By detaching himself from the world through resignation b. By virtue of the absurd, he believes c. By living t a life of perfect virtue. d. By pursuing pleasure for its own sake. |
b. By virtue of the absurd, he believes
|
|
|
Why does Kierkegaard believe faith involves dread or fear and trembling?
a. Because faith requires sacrifice which is painful b. Because faith requires persecution for our beliefs. c. Because faith goes beyond our universal principles of understanding (reason) andinvolves a leap in the dark. d. Because priests and pastors are frightening. |
c. Because faith goes beyond our universal principles of understanding (reason) andinvolves a leap in the dark
|
|
|
For Kierkegaard, JEsus Christ can be best described as
a. a paradox b. corresponding to the human person's deepest desires c. corresponding to the universal synthesis of reason d. human but not divine. |
a. a paradox
|
|
|
Albrecht Ritschl uses the historical -critical method and stresses
a. Ethical practice not speculative theory. b. Metaphyscial speculation c. The supernatural and spiritual meaning of the kingdom d. The direct, spiritual relationship between the individual and God. |
a. Ethical practice not speculative theory.
|
|
|
David Friedrich Strauss concludes that the gospels are
a. historically reliable b. myths that carry deeper truths c. Mere falsehoods d. Not relevant for theology. |
b. myths that carry deeper truths
|
|
|
Adolf Von Harnack wrote a multi-volume work entitled The History of Dogma. In it, his aim is to
a. liberate Christinaity from Church authority and dogma, especially from a Hellensitic philosophy b. Liberate the gospel from its ethical principles. c. Liberate the gospel from the paternalistic concept of the Fatherhood of God. d. Refute the historical-critical method |
a. liberate Christinaity from Church authority and dogma, especially from a Hellensitic philosophy
|
|
|
Which of the following are NOT one of the 5 "fundamentals" of the fundamentalist movement?
a. Inerrancy of scripture b. Divinity and virgin birth of Christ c. The one, holy, catholic, apostolic Church d. The bodily resurrection |
c. The one, holy, catholic, apostolic Church
|
|
|
Fideism is the belief that
a. human reason is the ultimate judge and riteria of faith/religion b. Faith/revelation is required to reach any religious/spiritual truths, or in more extreme form, to reach any truths whatsoever. c. The human person is purely material d. The church can err when it defines doctrine. |
b. Faith/revelation is required to reach any religious/spiritual truths, or in more extreme form, to reach any truths whatsoever.
|
|
|
Felicite de Lammenais thinks that certitude cannot come from individual reason but from the universal consensus of the human race. From where does humanity draw its certitude with regard to spiritual things, according to Lammenais?
a. From native human genius b. From the logical dialectic: thesis, anti-thesis, synthesis c. From primitive revelation - the revelation to Adam and Eve, Noah, ect. d. From mystical union with God. |
c. From primitive revelation - the revelation to Adam and Eve, Noah, ect.
|
|
|
The Catholic Church condemns fideism and insists that reason can demonstrate the "preambles of the faith" such as the existence of God. T/F?
|
True
|
|
|
The image or analogy that the Catholic Church uses to describe reason's relationship to the faith is
a. a master b. a handmaid C. A slave d. A milkmaid |
b. a handmaid
|
|
|
German Catholic theologians of the 19th century were more inclined to what type of theology?
a. rationalism b. Fideism c. Traditionalsim d. Atheism |
a. rationalism
|
|
|
The Catholic theological "school" of Tubingen was interested in historical studies and developing a theology that was historically conscious. What is the primary category they used to show the historical character of the Bible?
a. Scripture b. Metaphysics c. Quietism d. Tradition |
d. Tradition
|
|
|
The Oxford Movement in the Anglican Church included pastors and scholars who were attempting to
a. Break away from the Church of England b. Purify the Church of England from all traditional, non-biblical practices. c. Counteract the prevailing tendency of protestant liberalism. d. Create a rational religion. |
c. Counteract the prevailing tendency of protestant liberalism.
|
|
|
Especially in the study of the early Church fathers, the Oxford movement came to discover a new role or respect for
a. tradition b, The influence of Greek mythology on the faith c. Scripture d. Temple sacrifice |
a. tradition
|
|
|
Who is the leader of the Oxford movement who converts to the Catholic Church?
a. John Wycliffe b. John Huss c. John Henry Newman d. George Hermes |
c. John Henry Newman
|
|
|
In trying to show the rationality or reasonableness of the faith, Newman points out that not just faith, but also reason begins with
a. presuppositions or assumptions. b. Clear and distinct ideas c. Universal doubt d. Supernatural revelation |
a. presuppositions or assumptions
|
|
|
According to Newman, human reason works differently depending on whether you are judging things to be true or false in the "real world" or in the logical world of abstract ideas. Which of the following is an example of real assent?
a. 2+2=4 b. The human person is an animal c. Every effect must have a cause d. She is my mother. |
d. She is my mother.
|
|
|
Real assent is more powerful, acording to Newman, because real things are more impressive than abstract notions and can more powerfully impact our affections and imagination. T/F?
|
True
|
|
|
A primary way, according to Newman, in which belief or faith in God (Who is by nature immaterial/spiritual) can be the result of "real" assent is through
a. The voice of conscience. b. The cosmological argument from causation c. The virtue of the absurd d. The transcendental method |
a. The voice of conscience.
|
|
|
Real assent relies on the independent, cumulative probabilities of evidence converging to a conclusion. The faculty or power that allows us to judge when such a convergence amounts to rational proof is properly called by Newman
a. The common sense b. The illative sense c. The sixth sense d. "keeping it real" |
b. The illative sense
|
|
|
Newman argues that doctrine not only can develop in history, but must develop. In order to guarantee the authentic development of doctrine, what does he think is required?
a. Vigorous debate among the different theological schools b. Scripture alone which carries within it different theological schools c. New revelation from God. d. An infallible teaching authority magisterium |
d. An infallible teaching authority magisterium
|
|
|
Rene de Chateaubriand defends the faith with an apology based largely on
a. rationalism b. Aesthetics c. analogy d. cosmetics |
b. Aesthetics
|
